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Chicago 18th Style & Citation Spo KSU WRITING

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is an academic formatting style with many variations. Humanities, like history and fine arts, utilize the Notes and Bibliography (NB) format, while social sciences use the Author-Date format.

Why use the Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)?

CMOS is a flexible formatting style that allows authors the chance to use in-text citations or footnotes, reference pages or bibliographies, superscript or traditional numbering, endnotes, or headings. These differences depend on the variant of CMOS that you are using. There are three CMOS variants:

Turbian

student-oriented

uses superscript for Notes and Bibliography

Notes and Bibliography (NB) 4-9

for the humanities

uses a Bibliography alongside endnotes or footnotes

allows you more space to elaborate on your sources

○ (This handout will be using the Turabian superscript version.)

Author-Date

10-15

for various sciences and business

similar to APA

uses a Reference list with author-date in-text citations

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Style

• Fonts and Font Sizes

Times New Roman, 12 pt.

Calibri, 12 pt.

Arial, 11 pt.

Garamond, 12 pt.

• Spacing

Double-spaced

■ any body text

block quotes

■ space between footnotes or endnotes and reference list or bibliography entries

Single-spaced

footnote or endnote text

reference list or bibliography text

• Headers and Title Pages

Headers:

■ for shorter, less formal papers

at top left of first page, double spaced

Name ..... John Smith

Instructor ..... Dr. Jameson

Class ..... PSYCH 101

Due Date ..... February 4, 2026

Title ___ (centered, regular text)

Title Pages:

■ for longer formal papers

first page of paper, no page number, all double spaced, all centered

Title

bolded, 1/3rd of the way down, subtitle under main title

Name

2/3rds of the way down

Class

right under name, full class name

(e.g., Sociology 428: Effects of Peer Pressure)

Due Date

right under class (e.g., January 1, 2026)

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Style

• Page Numbers

same font and font size as the rest of the paper

top right of the page

only the number

if there is a title page, page 1 starts on the page right after the title page

Headings

CMOS does not have a standardized heading set, but Turabian has a recommended heading list that can be used. See chart and examples below. (from Purdue OWL Chicago General Format page, linked above)

For all headers, except level 5, you should create a new line underneath.

Level	Format
1	Centered, Boldface or Italicized, Headline-style Capitalization
2	Centered, Regular Type, Headline-style Capitalization
3	Flush Left, Boldface or Italicized, Headline-style Capitalization
4	Flush left, regular type, sentence-style capitalization
5	Runs into start of paragraph (no line after), boldface or italicized, sentence-style capitalization, period after.

*****

Climate Change in the Arctic

Arctic Wildlife Behavioral Changes

Changes in Arctic Pinniped Behavior

Dietary changes in walrus populations.

Pacific walrus reliance on land foraging. The Pacific walrus eats less fish and...

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Notes and Bibliography Citations

• Build a footnote/endnote for journal articles...

Author,

the creator/s || YES: John Smith; NO: Smith, John

Notice the punctuation after each numbered section. That is the actual punctuation you will use when building the citation.

“Title,”

capitalize every significant word

Journal

always italicize the journal; no punctuation after

Volume,

right after the journal

no. Issue

■ should have “no.” before the numeral; ex: no. 2

(Publication Date):

ex: January 1, 2026

Page or Pages,

■ for ranges, use an en dash between numerals, not a hyphen

Location

the link to the work; when possible, use a DOI

Shortened Version

Last Name, "Shortened Title," Page number/s.

Smith, “Soccer Statistics,” 20–37.

• Build a footnote/endnote for books...

Author,

the creator/s; YES: John Smith || NO: Smith, John

Title,

capitalize every significant word; always italicize; no punctuation after if no edition listed

Edition.

use "ed." after a numeral; 2nd ed. || 5th ed.

(Publisher, Date of Publication),

exclude business suffixes, like "Inc." or "LLC;" ex: January 1, 2026

Page or Pages,

■ for ranges, use an en dash between numerals, not a hyphen

Location

the link to the work, if applicable

Shortened Version

Last Name, "Shortened Title," Page number/s.

■ Melville, Moby Dick, 29–30.

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Notes and Bibliography Citations

ARTICLE: NB-style Bibliography

Dittmar, Emily L., and Douglas W. Schemske. “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation.” American Naturalist 202, no. 4 (2023): 471–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

○ Articles

Author/s.

creator/s of the work, end with a period

Bibliography:

list up to six

notice how the last is formatted above

if more than six, list the first three followed by “ et al.”

Notes:

list up to two

if more than two, in notes list the first followed by “et al.”

■ “Title.”

in quotations, capitalize all important words, end with a period

■ Journal

in italics, capitalize all important words

Volume,

volume number of the journal, end with a comma

no. Issue

issue number of the journal, include "no." before the numeral

(Publication Year):

year of publication, place in parentheses, end with a colon

Page-Range.

which journal pages the article is on, separate with en dash, end with a period

Location.

the link to the work, try to use a DOI, end with a period

Hanging Indent

every line after the first, should be half an inch forward

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Notes and Bibliography Citations

BOOK: NB-style Bibliography

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020. Kindle.

○ Books

Author/s.

creator/s of the work, end with a period

follows the same rules as articles

Title.

in italics, capitalize all important words, end with a period

Publisher.

publishing company or group or university, end with a comma

Publication Year.

end with a period

Container OR Location.

Container

if applicable, the electronic format the book was read on (see above), end with a period

Location

Hanging Indent

if applicable, the URL or DOI where the work can be found

preferred, but use the container if the link is too long

every line after the first should be half an inch forward

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Notes and Bibliography Citations

WEBPAGE: NB-style Bibliography

Yale University. "About Yale: Yale Facts." Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

Webpages

■ Author/s or Organization.

creator/s of the work, end with a period

ignore “The” when alphabetizing

follows the same rules as articles

■ “Title.”

in quotations, capitalize all important words, end with a period

■ Accessed/Retrieved/Published/Archived/Updated Date.

Month Day, Year format, end with a period

important date for webpage, such as the day it was accessed, archived, published, updated, etc.

should be a date that adds important information about the source, such as “Updated...” for a breaking news article or “Retrieved...” for an archived webpage

Location.

the webpage's URL, end with a period

Hanging Indent

every line after the first, should be half an inch forward

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Notes and Bibliography Citations

Notes and Bibliography (NB) Footnotes and Endnotes

This format uses superscript, footnotes or endnotes in-text citations, and a bibliography for the citation list.

In Word, when you need a footnote with a corresponding superscript, click the “References” tab and then click “Insert Footnote” after all punctuation.

If you want endnotes, you will have to put the superscript in yourself and make an endnote page/s at the end before the bibliography.

Make sure the notes are the same font and size as your main text.

Singular notes should be single-spaced but double-spaced between.

You may use regular numbers or superscripts in the notes.

The numbers seen at the end (or before links) are the page numbers.

■ All example citations in both this section and the bibliography section are from CMOS official website, which is linked above.

In-Text Citation	Footnote/Endnote	Bibliography Citation
This is an example book.1 This is an example of the same author and work again.2	1 Herman Melville, Moby-Dick; or, The Whale (New York, 1851), 222, https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side. Notes can be added like this.2 Melville, Moby Dick, 223-247.	Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York, 1851. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.
This is an example journal.1 This is an example of the same author and work again.2	1. B. T. Hebert, “The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life,” Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 310, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1925.tb0155.2. Hebert, “Island of Bolsö,” 311. Notes can be added like this.	Hebert, B. T. “The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life.” Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 307-13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1925.tb0155.2. Hebert, “Island of Bolsö,” 311. Notes can be added like this.
This is an example webpage.1 This is an example of the same site again.2	1 “About Yale: Yale Facts,” Yale University, accessed March 8, 2022, https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.2 “Yale Facts.”	Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

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Bibliography

• NB-Style Bibliography

This page should be at the very end of your paper, unless you have an appendix or index. (Formatting rules based on Purdue OWL sample paper.)

It should:

start a new page.

include "Bibliography" at the top, centered (without quotation marks).

alphabetized by author's last name.

alphabetize by title if no author is listed.

alphabetize by the first significant word in an organization's name (e.g., use the word after "The" when alphabetizing).

have single-spaced text with a blank line between entries.

have two blank lines between “Bibliography” and the first citation.

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Bibliography

The Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities. “About Us.” Accessed August 28, 2025. https://www.aplu.org/about-us/

Hebert, B. T. “The Island of Bolsō: A Study of Norwegian Life.” Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 307–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1925.tb0155.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York, 1851. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Oliver, Eric. “Why So Many Americans Believe in So Many ‘Crazy’ Things.” Moderated by Andrew McCall. Virtual lecture, February 23, 2022. Posted March 21, 2022, by University of Chicago. YouTube, 1:01:45. https://youtu.be/hfq7AnCF5bg.

Yale University. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

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Author-Date Citations

• Build an in-text citation for journal articles and books...

○ Author

the last names of any creators

if two, separate with “and” || Kominsky and Nguyen

■ if three or more, follow the first last name with “ et al.” || Dror et al.

○ Publication Year,

the year of publication comes after the author, no comma between || (Kominsky and Nguyen 2022); (Dror et al. 2017)

○ Pages or Chapter (if applicable)

if quoting or referencing a specific passage, then include page numbers or—if no page numbers—another indicator, like chapter

use an en dash between numerals, not a hyphen

only use the number for pages, do not include a "p." or "pp."

■ for chapters, use chap.

if digits stay the same, then they should be left out || 1835-36 (instead of 1835-1836); 24-6 (instead of 24-26)

○ Examples

(Kominsky and Nguyen 2022, 1835–36)

(Dror et al. 2017, chap. 11)

(Johnson 2025)

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Author-Date Citations

• ARTICLE: Author-Date Reference List

Dittmar, Emily L., and Douglas W. Schemske. 2023. “Temporal Variation in Selection Influences Microgeographic Local Adaptation.” American Naturalist 202 (4): 471–85. https://doi.org/10.1086/725865.

○ Articles

■ Author/s.

creator/s of the work, end with a period

References list

list up to six

notice how the last is formatted above

if more than six, list the first three followed by “ et al.”

Publication Year.

year of publication, end with a period

■ “Title.”

in quotations, capitalize all important words, end with a period

Journal

in italics, capitalize all important words

Volume

volume number of the journal, end with a comma

(Issue):

issue number of the journal, placed in parentheses, end with a colon

Page-Range.

the journal pages the article is on, separate with an en dash, end with a period

Location.

the link to the work, try to us a DOI, end with a period

Hanging Indent

every line after the first, should be half an inch forward

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Author-Date Citations

BOOK: Author-Date Reference List

Yu, Charles. 2020. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books.

○ Books

Author/s.

creator/s of the work, end with a period

follows the same rules as articles

Publication Year.

end with a period

Title.

in italics, capitalize all important words, end with a period

Publisher.

publishing company or group or university, end with a period

Hanging Indent

every line after the first should be half an inch forward

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Author-Date Citations

• WEBPAGE: Author-Date Reference List

Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

Webpages

■ Author/s or Organization.

creator/s of the work, end with a period

ignore “The” when alphabetizing

follows the same rules as articles

Publication Year.

end with a period

as seen above, if no date is listed, write “ n.d.”

■ “Title.”

in quotation marks, capitalize all important words, end with a period

■ Accessed/Retrieved/Published/Archived/Updated Date.

Month Day, Year format, end with a period

important date for webpage, such as the day it was accessed, archived, published, updated, etc.

should be a date that adds important information about the source, such as “Updated...” for a breaking news article or “Retrieved...” for an archived webpage

Location.

the webpage's URL, end with a period

Hanging Indent

every line after the first, should be half an inch forward

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Author-Date Citations

• Author-Date In-Text Citation Variants

This format uses authors' names, publication years, and page/chapter numbers all in parentheses with very specific commas, similar to APA.

This format is NOT identical to APA. It has its own rules.

■ Review the NB-Style pages for notes on listing three or more authors.

■ Author and publication year will NOT have a comma between them.

Publication year and page numbers/chapters WILL have a comma.

Page numbers and chapters are not essential for the in-text citation, if not directly quoting a specific portion of the work.

Use “and” between two authors, not “&”

■ Use an en dash for page number ranges, not a hyphen

If any digits in a range stay the same, omit them

Ex: if you are referencing something from page 105 to page 117, then you would write 105-17.

■ Write " et al. " like this, with the period only after "al."

Narrative In-Text Citation	Parenthetical In-Text Citation	Reference List Citation Examples
Gutierrez and Durham (2023, 27) argue that “This is a sample quotation.”	This is a sample sentence that references a specific portion of the research (Osman 2019, 53-8).	Gutierrez, Carmen I. and Gerald W. Durham. 2023. “Iberian Agriculture: Portuguese-Spanish Agricultural Relations.” The Agricultural Review 47 (3): 20-58. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202423833.
In 2023, Gutierrez and Durham argue, “This is a sample quotation” (27).	This is a sample sentence that references a non-specific portion of the research, such as the overall findings or argument (Osman 2019).	Osman, Dawoud. 2019. The Moroccan Olive Market. Translated by Horace Benson. University of Tehran Press.
Gutierrez and Durham (2023, 27) argue that this is an example paraphrase.	This is a sample sentence that references multiple sources’ findings, using Osman first (Osman 2019; Gutierrez and Durham 2023)

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Reference List

• Author-Date Reference List

This page should be at the very end of your paper, unless you have an appendix or index. (Formatting rules based on Purdue OWL sample paper.)

Review the NB-Style pages for notes on listing three or more authors.

It should:

start a new page.

include “References” at the top, centered (without quotation marks).

alphabetized by author's last name.

alphabetize by title if no author listed.

alphabetize by the first significant word in an organization's name (e.g., use the word after "The" when alphabetizing).

have single-spaced text with a blank line between entries.

have two blank lines between “References” and the first citation.

22

References

Gutierrez, Carmen I. and Gerald W. Durham. 2023. “Iberian Agriculture: Portuguese-Spanish Agricultural Relations.” The Agricultural Review 47 (3): 20–58. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202423833.

Nesi, Annalisa. 1994. “An Overview of the Linguistic and Literary History of Corsica.” Journal of Mediterranean Studies 4 (1): 16–27. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/670031.

Osman, Dawoud. 2019. The Moroccan Olive Market. Translated by Horace Benson. University of Tehran Press.

Yale University. n.d. “About Yale: Yale Facts.” Accessed March 8, 2022. https://www.yale.edu/about-yale/yale-facts.

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