This format uses authors' names, publication years, and page/chapter numbers all in parentheses with very specific commas, similar to APA.
This format is NOT identical to APA. It has its own rules.
■ Review the NB-Style pages for notes on listing three or more authors.
■ Author and publication year will NOT have a comma between them.
Publication year and page numbers/chapters WILL have a comma.
Page numbers and chapters are not essential for the in-text citation, if not directly quoting a specific portion of the work.
Use “and” between two authors, not “&”
■ Use an en dash for page number ranges, not a hyphen
If any digits in a range stay the same, omit them
Ex: if you are referencing something from page 105 to page 117, then you would write 105-17.
■ Write " et al. " like this, with the period only after "al."
| Narrative In-Text Citation | Parenthetical In-Text Citation | Reference List Citation Examples |
|---|
| Gutierrez and Durham (2023, 27) argue that “This is a sample quotation.” | This is a sample sentence that references a specific portion of the research (Osman 2019, 53-8). | Gutierrez, Carmen I. and Gerald W. Durham. 2023. “Iberian Agriculture: Portuguese-Spanish Agricultural Relations.” The Agricultural Review 47 (3): 20-58. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.202423833. |
| In 2023, Gutierrez and Durham argue, “This is a sample quotation” (27). | This is a sample sentence that references a non-specific portion of the research, such as the overall findings or argument (Osman 2019). | Osman, Dawoud. 2019. The Moroccan Olive Market. Translated by Horace Benson. University of Tehran Press. |
| Gutierrez and Durham (2023, 27) argue that this is an example paraphrase. | This is a sample sentence that references multiple sources’ findings, using Osman first (Osman 2019; Gutierrez and Durham 2023) | |