the last names of any creators

if two, separate with “and” || Kominsky and Nguyen

■ if three or more, follow the first last name with “ et al.” || Dror et al.

the year of publication comes after the author, no comma between || (Kominsky and Nguyen 2022); (Dror et al. 2017)

if quoting or referencing a specific passage, then include page numbers or—if no page numbers—another indicator, like chapter

use an en dash between numerals, not a hyphen

only use the number for pages, do not include a "p." or "pp."

■ for chapters, use chap.

if digits stay the same, then they should be left out || 1835-36 (instead of 1835-1836); 24-6 (instead of 24-26)

(Kominsky and Nguyen 2022, 1835–36)

(Dror et al. 2017, chap. 11)

(Johnson 2025)