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New Arkansas Blackberry Production Characteristics
Kirk W. Pomper*, Jeremiah D. Lowe*, and Sheri B. Crabtree
Department of Plant and Soil Science, Kentucky State University
John R. Clark
Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas
John G. Strang
Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky
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Blackberry Terminology
Canes: Stems of bramble plants
Canes last for two seasons, then die
Primocane: A bramble cane going through its first year of growth
Floricane: A bramble cane going through its second year of growth
Most blackberries are floricane fruiting
Some blackberries are primocane fruiting
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Arkansas Blackberry Breeding Program
The University of Arkansas Blackberry
Breeding Program has developed many excellent floricane blackberry cultivars including:
Apache, Arapaho, Cherokee, Comanche, Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Kiowa, Navaho, Ouachita, and Shawnee
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Objective
To compare production characteristics from a number of advanced floricane fruiting selections, developed by the University of Arkansas Blackberry Breeding Program under Kentucky growing conditions.
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Materials and Methods
In June 2006, a blackberry variety trial was established at Kentucky State University.
Trial includes:
Standards:
Chickasaw (thorny erect)
Triple Crown (semi-erect, thornless)
University of Arkansas (Thornless, erect):
A-1937T
A-2215T
A-2241T
A-2315T
A-2241T (Natchez)
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Materials and Methods
Completely randomized design (2 replicate plots containing 5 plants of each selection in a 10 foot plot).
Rows were spaced 14 feet apart.
his trial was managed with organic practices following the National Organic Program Standards.
Weed control: 6-8 inch layer of straw and hand weeding.
Irrigated weekly with t-tape laid in the rows.
Plastic wire t-post trellis
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Flowering
Flower buds of the floricanes of all blackberry selections were destroyed by the Easter freeze event of 2007.
In 2008 and 2009, selections flowered in June and ripe fruit were harvested from plants each Monday and Thursday until August.
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Chickasaw
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A-2215T
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A-2315T
A-2241T
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Yield in 2008 and 2009
Selection 2008 2009
A-1937T 10430 1220
A-2215T 8359 1515
A-2315T 6526 1343
'Natchez' 8924 3158
'Chickasaw' 8259 3750
'Triple Crown' 6782 5541
Yield Yield
(lb/acre)1 (lb/acre)
Significance ns ns
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Berry Weight in 2008 and 2009
| 2008 | 2009 | |
| Selection | Berry weight (g) | Berry weight (g) |
| A-1937T | 4.3 cd | 3.1 bc |
| A-2215T | 3.8 d | 2.9 c |
| A-2315T | 5.5 b | 4.5 abc |
| ‘Natchez’ | 6.8 a | 5.4 ab |
| ‘Chickasaw’ | 5.4 bc | 4.9 abc |
| ‘Triple Crown’ | 4.6 bcd | 5.9 a |
| Significance | 0.007 | 0.05 |
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Harvest Dates in 2008 and 2009
Selection 2008 2009
A-1937T 6/30 – 8/3 7/2 – 7/30
A-2215T 7/3 – 8/11 6/25 – 8/3
A-2315T 7/3 – 8/3 7/2 – 8/3
‘Natchez’ 6/26 – 8/3 6/25 – 8/3
‘Chickasaw’ 6/30 – 8/3 6/25 – 8/6
‘Triple Crown’ 7/17 – 8/14 7/2 – 8/13
Harvest Harvest
dates dates
Significance - -
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Summary
Drought in 2008 reduced the number of floricanes and yields in all selections in 2009.
Anthracnose damaged some canes and reduced yields.
Natchez has been released for commercial production and could potentially be a popular new addition for blackberry production in Kentucky.
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Prime-Jim & Prime-Jan
Released by the University of Arkansas
Recommended for home gardeners and for very limited commercial trial
Fruit have poor shipping characteristics
Fruit size and quality are affected by the hot temperatures
temperatures above 85circF can greatly reduce fruit set, size and quality on primocanes
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Primocane Fruiting Blackberries
Great for Farmers Markets in Kentucky (fruit from August until frost!)
Floricane and Primocane fruiting
Mowing instead of pruning
Erect selections do not need a trellis
Potential organic production
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Objective
To determine if advanced selections developed by the University of Arkansas Blackberry Breeding Program were superior to Prime-Jim® and Prime-Jan® in terms of yield and fruit quality under Kentucky growing conditions.
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Blackberry Selections
Established June 2006 at KSU
Floricane fruiting selections:
Apache (thornless erect)
Chickasaw (thorny erect)
Triple Crown (thornless-trailing)
Primocane fruiting selections:
Prime-Jim®
Prime-Jan®
APF-27, APF-40, APF-41, APF-42, APF-46, and APF-77
(all thorny erect, primocane-fruiting)
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Trial Design
Randomized complete block design
4 blocks
20 plants of each cultivar or selection
Spacing
2 feet between each plant
Rows 70 feet long
Rows 14 feet apart
Managed using National Organic Program standards
Harvested on Monday and Thursday
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Weed Control
Manual
— Hand
— Hoe
— Weed eater
Mulching
– Straw
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Irrigation
T-tape
Lack of water seriously reduces yields
Require 1" water/wk during growing season
Best to irrigate throughout entire season
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Blackberry Pests
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Blackberry Pests
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Blackberry Diseases
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2007-2009 Yield Data
Selection Yield (lb/ac) 2009 2009
APF-27 1494 bc 1097 bcd 3005 a - 3682 ab
APF-40 2598 a 1999 b 1947 bc - 3669 ab
APF-41 1415 bc 4415 a 873 d 580 a 3465 ab
APF-46 1021 c 672 d 1179 cd - -
APF-77 1104 c 3717 a 2229 ab - 4189 a
Prime Jan 1718 b 856 cd 2003 abc 31 b 2517 bc
Prime Jim 295 d 1856 bc 691 d 5 b 1390 c
2007 2008 2008 2009 2009
Primocane Floricane Primocane Floricane Primocane
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2007-2009 Fruit Weights
| Average Fruit Weight (g) | |||||
| Selection | 2007 | 2008 | 2008 | 2009 | 2009 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primocane | Floricane | Primocane | Floricane | Primocane | |
| APF-27 | 3.0 b | 3.6 c | 3.5 bc | - | 5.3 abc |
| APF-40 | 4.0 a | 5.0 b | 3.9 ab | - | 5.9 ab |
| APF-41 | 3.9 a | 6.2 a | 4.4 a | 5.1a | 6.3 a |
| APF-46 | 2.5 c | 3.0 d | 3.0 cd | - | - |
| APF-77 | 3.3 b | 3.8 c | 3.9 ab | - | 5.9 ab |
| Prime Jan | 3.3 b | 4.0 c | 3.2 cd | 1.7 b | 4.9 bc |
| Prime Jim | 2.0 d | 3.6 c | 2.7 d | 0.6 b | 4.2 c |
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Chickasaw
APF-77
APF-41
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Harvest Dates 2007-2009
Selection 2007 2007 2008 2008 2009 2009
APF-27 - 8/2 - 10/26 6/18 - 7/21 8/3 - 10/20 - 7/23 - 10/13
APF-40 - 8/6 - 10/26 6/18 - 8/1 8/3 - 10/20 - 7/23 - 10/13
Floricane Primocane Floricane Primocane Floricane Primocane
Harvest Dates (start and end)
APF-41 - 8/20 - 10/26 6/18 - 8/11 8/25 - 10/20 7/2 - 8/10 8/13 - 10/13
APF-46 - 8/2 - 10/26 6/18 - 7/24 8/11 - 10/20 - -
APF-77 - 8/2 - 10/26 6/18 - 7/28 8/3 - 10/20 - 7/23 - 10/13
Prime Jan - 8/2 - 10/26 6/18 - 7/24 8/11 - 10/20 7/2 - 8/6 8/10 - 10/13
Prime Jim - 8/2 - 10/26 6/18 - 7/21 8/14 - 10/20 7/2 - 8/3 8/6 - 10/13
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Conclusions
Small 2009 floricane crop due to:
2008 drought reduced the number of canes for floricane production in 2009
–2) winter injury to canes (-2.7°F on 1/26/09)
anthracnose canker damaged some canes
2009 Primocane crops were high for all selections
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Conclusions (continued)
Primocane fruiting blackberries could be a niche-market crop for Kentucky growers (farmers markets) from Mid-summer until frost.
Mowing instead of pruning, no trellis, and potential organic production are also attractive to growers.
APF-45 has been released.
APF-40, 41, and 77 are under consideration for release by the University of Arkansas.
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