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A Summary of Pawpaw Regional Variety Trials

Kirk Pomper*1, Sheri Crabtree*1, Joseph Masabni2, Desmond Layne3, Neal Peterson4, and Dwight Wolfe2

1Kentucky State University, Frankfort;2Univ. of Kentucky, Dept. of Horticulture;3Dept. of Horticulture, Clemson Univ.;4Peterson Pawpaws

A Summary of Pawpaw Regional Variety Trials

Potential for Pawpaw in Kentucky

Production Information

Summary of Variety Trials

Cultivar Recommendations

Introduction:

What is Pawpaw?

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal.

Native tree fruit in the southeastern U.S.

Fruit can weigh up to 2 lbs.

Pawpaws in the Wild

• A.triloba is usually found in the forest understory in hardwood forests
• Clonal reproduction by root suckering

You may not find many fruit (shade, self-incompatibility, lack of pollinators)

The Pawpaw Fruit

Tropical-like flavor and aroma resembles mixture of banana, mango, and pineapple.

Custard-like fruits are berries

The fruit is very nutritious and high in antioxidant activity.

Could be used in blended fruit drinks, ice creams, yogurt, etc.

Pawpaw Market Potential

Farmers Markets

Fruit: $1 each

$2 to $3/pound

Gourmet Market

Frozen pulp

Ice cream

Restaurants

Pawpaw Production

“Pawpaw Planting Guide”

Site

air drainage (frost)

deep, fertile, well-drained soil, pH 5.5-7.0

water source for irrigation

Seedlings and Cultivars

Seedlings produce fruit in 5-8 years

Grafted cultivars can produce fruit in 3 years; know fruit quality

Takes about 5-6 years to reach full production

Pricing

Seedlings $5.00-$10.00

Grafted trees $15.00-$30.00

Establishing a Pawpaw Orchard

Pawpaw will fruit in the shade, optimum yields are obtained in open exposure

Shading recommended the first year

Irrigation should be provided at least the first two years

Pawpaw Pruning

8' between trees, 18' between rows

295 trees/ac

Tree seldom grow taller than 25 feet

Flowering and Harvest Time

Flowers can be found on the same tree from early April until May in Kentucky

Ripe fruit should yield when squeezed and give way with a gentle tug

Color change not a reliable indicator of ripeness

Fruit may be harvest from the same tree over several weeks

Pawpaw Pests

Organic production possible?

Some Past Problems

Japanese beetles

Leaf rollers

Zebra swallowtail butterfly-not necessarily a pest

Talponia plummeriana - pawpaw peduncle borer

Pawpaw Regional Variety Trials (RVT)

Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial Cooperators and Cooperating Institutions

Conceived by R. Neal Peterson (PawPaw Foundation) and Desmond Layne (then KSU)

12 Locations across the United States Contains 10 cultivars and 18 selections from R. Neal Peterson and PPF.

Contains 10 cultivars and 18 selections from R. Neal Peterson and PPF.

Some Desirable Pawpaw Tree characteristics

Small tree size, easier harvest

Precocious bearing, 4 years or less

Vigorous growth with low to medium inputs

Open branching with strong crotch angles

High flower density

High fruit set under natural pollination

Consistently high fruit yields

Cold hardiness and drought tolerance

Some Desirable Pawpaw Fruit Characteristics

FRUITFULNESS over 40 fruit per tree FLAVOR sweet, firm texture, delicate blend of flavors, rich but not cloying, no bitter aftertaste FLESHINESS

sweet, firm texture, delicate blend of flavors, rich but not cloying, no bitter aftertaste FLESHINESS visually: mostly flesh. by weight: less than 5% of the fruit is seed FRUIT SIZE over 10 ounces

SEEDS

over 45 seeds per oz., av. seeds as small as 3/4" (2 cm) long APPEARANCE bright clear colors, no brown mottling (ripe); even, symmetrical PECULIARITIES SKIN: waxy/ fuzzy/ thick and hard/ yellow/ bluish. FLESH (ripe): white/ pink/ red. SEEDS: in a single row. RIPENING TIME: early / late KEEPING ABILITY: 2+ in refriger.

Collections

Neal Peterson and Dr. Harry Swartz began collecting pawpaw germplasm in 1981

They assembled a germplasm collection of about 1500 accessions

Open pollinated seedlings from the historic collections of Buckman, Zimmerman, Hershey, Allard, the Blandy Experimental Farm, Ray Schlaanstine, and some modern cultivars

Objective

To evaluate commercially available named pawpaw varieties and PPF's advanced selections in Kentucky

Materials and methods

28 selections, 10 named varieties, 224 total grafted trees on PPF seedling rootstock (half-sib seed)

■ Spacing 2 m (6.5 ft) between trees, 5.5 m (18 ft) between rows

Commercially Available Cultivars

Seedlings of Commercially Available Cultivars

Seedlings from Collections

BEF = Blandy Experimental Farm Collection, Boyce Va.

GAZ = George A. Zimmerman Collection., Linglestown, Pa.

RS = Ray Schlaanstine Collection, West Chester, Pa.

Fruit Production on Mature Trees 2004-2006 in Frankfort

Clone	Average fruit weight (g)	Average number of fruit per tree
3-11	137 efgh	68 ef
7-90	135 fghi	74 def
1-23	126 ghij	90 cde
11-13	124 hij	75 def
Taytwo	121 hijk	73 def
2-54	121 hijk	73 def
3-21	115 ijkl	60 fghi
Mitchell	112 jkl	58 fghi
PA-Golden	108 jklm	118 ab
Taylor	106 jklm	68 efg
Wells	104 klm	64 fgh
9-47	100 lm	74 def
Rappahannock		96 bcd
Wilson		128 a
Middletown		74 def

What cultivars should I plant?

NC-1

Fruit weight: 167 g

Number of fruit/tree: 36

Good flavor

Available from many commercial nurseries

NC-1

Overleese

Fruit weight: 157 g

Number of fruit/tree: 40

Good flavor (melon)

Available from many commercial nurseries

Sunflower

Fruit weight: 165 g

Number of fruit/tree: 63

Mild flavor

Available from many commercial nurseries

Sunflower

Potomac

Fruit weight: 244 g

Number of fruit/tree: 31

Good flavor

Fruit cracking?

Peterson Pawpaws

Limited availability

Potomac

Shenandoah

Fruit weight: 157 g

Number of fruit/tree: 61

Mild flavor

Peterson Pawpaws

Limited availability

Susquehanna

Fruit weight: 184 g

Number of fruit/tree: 39

Good flavor

Peterson Pawpaws

Limited availability

Susquehanna

Wabash

Fruit weight: 183 g

Number of fruit/tree: 51

Dark flesh

Cracking issues

Peterson Pawpaws

Limited availability

Wabash

Pawpaw RVT Overview

There is great variation in fruit size, yield, and quality among the pawpaw selections examined

About 4 to 5 years to come into production

A number of pawpaw selections in the trial show promise for production in Kentucky [Potomac, Susquehanna, Wabash, Overleese, Shenandoah, NC-1, and Sunflower] can be recommended.

KENTUCKY STATE UNIVERSITY Insighting Immersion. Gravating Leaders. Advertising Heartsacky

Pawpaw Links

Personnel

Contact Information

Recent PowerPoint Presentations on pawpaw, gooseberries and currants, and blackberries NEW

Register for the KSU/OPGA/PPF Pawpaw Workshop to be held on September 6, 2008 NEW

2008 Nursery List NEW

2008 Cultivar List NEW

Updated Kentucky Nut Growers Association Website NEW

Google™ Custom Search

Search Site

Pawpaw Bibliography and Search Tool NEW

KSU Reports and Publications NEW

PawPaw Foundation

2008 Ohio Pawpaw Festival Website NEW

Ohio Pawpaw Growers Association

Pawpaw FAQ

http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/ Pawpaw Information Website Frankfort, Kentucky

super.

KSU Pawpaw Program

The pawpaw (Asimina triloba) fruit has both fresh market and processing appeal, with a tropical like flavor that resembles a combination of banana, mango, and pineapple. Kentucky State University has the only full-time pawpaw research program in the world as part of the VSTU and Great Dمامه.