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Pawpaw 101: Just the Basics
Kirk W. Pomper, Ph.D.
Principal Investigator of Horticulture/ Kentucky State University Adjunct Assistant Professor of Horticulture/ Univ. of Kentucky
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Introduction:
What is Pawpaw?
Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal.
Native tree fruit in the southeastern U.S.
Fruit can weigh up to 2 lbs.
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Botany and Genetic Resources
Asimina triloba is a member of the tropical Custard Apple or Annonaceae family.
custard apple (Annona reticulata L.)
cherimoya (A. cherimola Mill.)
sweetsop or sugar apple (A. squamosa L.)
atemoya (A. squamosa x A. cherimola)
soursop (A. muricata L.)
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The Pawpaw Fruit
Tropical-like flavor and aroma resembles mixture of banana, mango, and pineapple.
Custard-like fruits are berries
The fruit is very nutritious and high in antioxidant activity.
Could be used in blended fruit drinks, ice creams, yogurt, etc.
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The Potential of Pawpaw
Fresh market-unique flavor
Appearance-not unappealing
Post harvest handling issues
Potential for bruising after harvest Short shelf life of about 7 days at room temp Storage for 3 wks under refrigeration
Short shelf life of about 7 days at room temp
Storage for 3 wks under refrigeration
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The Potential of Pawpaw
Processing pulp
Labor intensive
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KSU Land Grant Program Pawpaw Ice Cream!
4 cups milk
4 cups cream
3 cups sugar
1-2 cups pawpaw pulp
Dissolve sugar completely in the milk. Sugar dissolves faster if milk is lukewarm. Stir in cream.
Stir thawing pawpaw pulp into a small amount of ice cream mix. When smooth, add pawpaw to remaining ice cream mix.
For best results: Mixture should be 10-15% pawpaw pulp, i.e., add 1 cup pulp to 9 cups ice cream mix (10%), or 1.5 c. pulp to 8.5 c. ice cream mix (15%).
Thaw pulp gently – in refrigerator a while, just until it begins to soften. (Or partially thaw very carefully in a microwave, using short bursts on very low power, turning pulp frequently. Do not overheat!) Start stirring pulp into ice cream mix while it is still partially frozen, and stir to break up lumps and finish melting the pulp. Thawped pulp will oxidize and develop a bitter flavor very quickly when exposed to air.
Copyright by Kentucky State University 2004
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The Potential of Pawpaw
Gourmet market
Fresh market fruit at farmers markets, restaurants, internet sales
frozen pulp
Future markets
Grower cooperative, Melissa's, Kroger
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Where Are We in Terms of Developing a Pawpaw Industry?
Orchard (cultivars) vs. wild collected fruit
Private orchards established AL, CA, KY, NC, MD, MI, MO, OH, and WV.
Ohio Pawpaw Growers Association
Ohio Pawpaw Festival
LAKE SNOWDEN ALBANY OHIO
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Pawpaw Products
Pawpaw ice cream and other menu items are being sold at gourmet restaurants.
Pawpaw fruit are being sold at farmers markets, such as the Lexington Farmers Market, and on the Internet.
New pawpaw products will be sold by individuals next year, including:
Pawpaw wine and pawpaw hot sauce
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Pawpaws in the Wild
triloba is usually found in the forest understory in hardwood forests
Clonal reproduction by root suckering
You may not find many fruit (shade, self-incompatibility, lack of pollinators)
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History of the Pawpaw
In 1541 Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto found Native Americans growing and eating pawpaws in the valley of the Mississippi.
John Filson (1784), an early settler in Kentucky stated: “the pappa-tree does not grow to a great size, is a soft wood, bears a fine fruit much like a cucumber in shape and size, and tastes sweet.”
Daniel Boone and Mark Twain were pawpaw fans.
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History of the Pawpaw
Lewis and Clark recorded in their journal (18 Sept. 1806) how pawpaws helped save them from starvation.
“Our party entirely out of provisions subsisting on poppaws. We divided the buiskit which amounted to nearly one buiskit per man, this in addition to the poppaws is to last us down to the Settlement’s which is 150 miles.”
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Hatfield family photo courtesy of McDowell County Historical Society
Pawpaw Tree Incident (Marker Number: 2047)
County: Pike Location: Near Buskirk, KY 1056
Description: This episode is result of August 1882 election-day fight. Tolbert, a son of Randolph McCoy, exchanged heated words with Ellison Hatfield, which started a fight. Tolbert, Pharmer and Randolph McCoy Jr. stabbed Ellison to death. Later the three brothers were captured by Hatfield clan, tied to pawpaw trees, and shot in retaliation. Presented by Pikeville-Pike County Tourism.
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Efforts to domesticate the pawpaw began early in the 20th century
In 1916, a contest to find the best pawpaw was sponsored by the American Genetics Association.
Sponsors thought that “intelligent breeding” would result in commercial quality varieties and an industry would begin (Popenoe 1916, 1917).
A pawpaw industry did not develop.
At about this same time, interest in another native fruit, the blueberry was also increasing. One reason for the failure of pawpaw to become a popular as blueberry was likely related to rapid perishability of fruit (Popenoe 1916, 1917).
One reason for the failure of pawpaw to become a popular as blueberry was likely related to rapid perishability of fruit (Popenoe 1916, 1917).
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New Interest in Pawpaw
From 1950 and 1985, interest grew nurtured by the enthusiasm of individuals in the Northern Nut Growers Association (Peterson 2003).
The PawPaw Foundation was founded in 1988, by R. Neal Peterson.
In 1990, a full-time pawpaw research program was initiated at Kentucky State University by Brett Callaway (Callaway 1992) and was expanded by Desmond Layne from 1993 to 1997 (Layne 1996) and has been under the direction of Kirk Pomper since 1998 (Pomper et al. 1999).
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Pawpaw Production
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KSU Pawpaw Objectives
conduct a variety trial at KSU in cooperation with other sites across the nation
examine flowering, fruit set, and ripening
improve clonal and seedling/rootstock propagation methods
characterize the morphological and molecular variation in the germplasm collection
develop organic production methods
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Pawpaw Acetogenin Compounds
Annonaceous acetogenins
Long unbranched fatty acid chain
Present in twig tissues and recently found in fruit tissue
Potential anti-cancer activity
Unknown if potential health problem
Atypical parkinsonism?
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USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Asimina spp. at KSU
In 1994, KSU was approved as the USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Pawpaw (Asimina species), or gene bank
The orchards at KSU contain more than 2000 accessions sampled from native stands from 17 different states in the papaw's native range.
Pomper et al., 2003. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 128:521-525.
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What cultivars should I plant?
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Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial Cooperators and Cooperating Institutions
Conceived by R. Neal Peterson (PawPaw Foundation) and Desmond Layne (then KSU)
Contains 10 cultivars and 18 selections from R. Neal Peterson.
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Materials and methods
28 selections, 10 named varieties, 224 total grafted trees on PPF seedling rootstock (half-sib seed)
■ Established in March 1998 at the KSU Research and Demonstration Farm in Frankfort, Kentucky in a Lowell silt loam soil (pH 6.9)
Spacing 2 m (6.5 ft) between trees, 5.5 m (18 ft) between rows
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Some Desirable Pawpaw Tree characteristics
Small tree size, easier harvest
Precocious bearing, 4 years or less
Vigorous growth with low to medium inputs
Open branching with strong crotch angles
High flower density
High fruit set under natural pollination
Consistently high fruit yields
Cold hardiness and drought tolerance
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Some Desirable Pawpaw Fruit Characteristics
FRUITFULNESS over 40 fruit per tree FLAVOR sweet, firm texture, delicate blend of flavors, rich but not cloying, no bitter aftertaste FLESHINESS
sweet, firm texture, delicate blend of flavors, rich but not cloying, no bitter aftertaste FLESHINESS visually: mostly flesh. by weight: less than 5% of the fruit is seed FRUIT SIZE over 10 ounces
SEEDS
over 45 seeds per oz., av. seeds as small as 3/4" (2 cm) long APPEARANCE bright clear colors, no brown mottling (ripe); even, symmetrical PECULIARITIES SKIN: waxy/ fuzzy/ thick and hard/ yellow/ bluish. FLESH (ripe): white/ pink/ red. SEEDS: in a single row. RIPENING TIME: early / late KEEPING ABILITY: 2+ in refriger.
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Commercially Available Cultivars
CloneGenetic background
‘Middletown’Wild seedling from Middletown, Ohio
‘Mitchell’Wild seedling from Iuka, Ill.
‘NC-1’‘Davis’ female × ‘Overleese’ male
‘Overleese’Cultivated (open-pollinated) seedling from Rushville, Ind.
‘PA-Golden’Second-generation seedling from G.A. Zimmerman collection
‘Sunflower’Wild seedling from Chanute, Kansas.
‘Taylor’Wild seedling from Eaton Rapids, Mich.
‘Taytwo’Wild seedling from Eaton Rapids, Mich.
‘Wells’Cultivated (open-pollinated) seedlings from Salem, Ind.
‘Wilson’Wild seedling from Cumberland, Ky.
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Seedlings from Collections
CloneOpen-pollinated seedling of
1-7-2BEF-30
2-10BEF-30
2-54GAZ-VA
3-11BEF-33
3-21BEF-43
4-2BEF-53
5-5BEF-54
7-90RS-2
8-58 RappahannockBEF-30
9-47BEF-49
9-58BEF-50
10-35BEF-49
11-5 SusquehannaBEF-53
11-13BEF-53
BEF = Blandy Experimental Farm Collection, Boyce Va.
GAZ = George A. Zimmerman Collection., Linglestown, Pa.
RS = Ray Schlaanstine Collection, West Chester, Pa.
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Fruit Production on Mature Trees
Clonefruit weight (g)
20042005
4--2276.9 a225.7 a
7--90207.8 b155.7 cdefgh
NC-1187.6 bc188.9 abc
10--35184.8 bcd152.3 cdefghi
Susquehannah184.1 bcde205.4 ab
1--7--2180.2 bcdef170.2 bcdef
5--5177.4 bcdef212.1 ab
3--11173.3 bcdefg138.6 efghij
11--13165.4 cdefg143.4 efghij
2--10163.5 cdefgh170.1 bcdefg
8--20161.7 cdefgh187.7 abcd
Shenendoah151.4 defgh179.7 bcde
Sunflower147.4 efghi155.8 cdefgh
3--21145.4 efghi115.2 ijk1
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Fruit Production on Mature Trees
Clonefruit weight (g)
20042005
1--68141.7fghi153.2cdefghi
9--47136.7ghij126.5ghijk
PA-Golden129.8hij115.5ijkl
Overleese126.9hijk180.1bcde
9--58113.2ijkl148.9defghi
2--54112.4ijkl116.6ijkl
Mitchell108.2ijklm118.0hijk
Taylor105.5ijklm115.3ijkl
1--23104.9jklm156.6cdefg
Taytwo102.7jklm133.5fghijk
Rappahannock93.7jklm98.2kl
Wells88.5klm105.4jkl
Middletown80.4lm84.7l
Wilson73.4m84.1l
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Fruit Production on Mature Trees
CloneYield (kg/tree)
20042005
10-3519.7 a9.6 a
Shenendoah17.0 ab4.3 efghij
8-2016.3 abc2.9 ij
11-1314.5 abcd7.1 abcde
PA-Golden14.4 abcde8.8 ab
1-6814.4 abcd5.6 cdefghi
Rappahannock14.0 abcdef4.3 fghij
1-2313.3 abcdef4.1 ghij
4-212.8 bcdef5.7 cdefghi
7-9012.4 bcdef7.8 abcd
Sunflower11.8 bcdef3.8 ghij
9-4711.1 bcdef5.8 cdefgh
1-7-211.0 bcdef8.0 abc
3-1110.7 bcdef2.5 j
Wilson10.5 bcdef6.0 bcdefgh
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Fruit Production on Mature Trees
CloneYield (kg/tree)
20042005
Taylor9.6 cdef3.5 ghij
5-59.5 cdef6.6 bcdefg
Taytwo9.1 def6.7 bcdef
2-108.4 def6.4 bcdefg
NC-18.3 def3.7 ghij
Susquehannah8.2 def5.1 defgh
Mitchell8.1 def2.9 ij
9-587.9 ef4.7 efghij
Wells7.9 def4.9 defghij
2-547.5 ef3.1 hij
Middletown7.1 f3.5 ghij
Overleese6.6 f4.9 defghij
3-216.1 f4.7 efghij
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Establishing A Pawpaw Orchard
“Pawpaw Planting Guide”
Site
air drainage (frost)
deep, fertile, well-drained soil, pH 5.5-7.0
water source for irrigation
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Pawpaw Propagation and Nursery Sources
Historically, pawpaws have been a difficult tree species to propagate
Seed requires stratification and is desiccation sensitive
Commercial clonal propagation of cultivars is via chip budding onto seedling rootstock
Many nurseries grow pawpaw seedlings in containers
High prices for seedling and grafted trees are limiting the development of an industry
Seedlings $5.00-$10.00
Grafted trees $15.00-$25.00
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Establishing a Pawpaw Orchard
Pawpaw will fruit in the shade, optimum yields are obtained in open exposure
Shading recommended the first year
Irrigation should be provided at least the first two years
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Pawpaw Pruning
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8' between trees, 18' between rows
295 trees/ac
Tree seldom grow taller than 25 feet
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Fertilization and Irrigation of Pawpaw
Trickle Irrigation:
emitters (1 gal/hr) with 2 emitters/tree
about 240 gal/tree/yr.
Fertigation: Peters 20-20-20 (3 times each yr.)
0.6 oz N/tree/yr.
Granular (10-10-10)
1 oz N/tree/yr., 2 oz N/tree/yr. after two years
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Pawpaw Pests
Organic production possible?
Some Past Problems
Japanese beetles
Zebra swallowtail butterfly-not necessarily a pest
Talponia plummeriana - pawpaw peduncle borer
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New Pawpaw Pests?
Leaf and fruit spot (Phyllosticta)
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New Pawpaw Pests?
Asian Ambrosia Beetle Xylosandrus crassiusculus
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New Pawpaw Pests?
Asian
Ambrosia
Beetle
Xylosandrus crassiusculus
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Flowering Time and Harvest
The North American Pawpaw, Asimina triloba:
Cross-pollinate
Pollinated by flies and beetles Ripe fruit should yield when squeezed and give way with a gentle tug Color change not a reliable indicator of ripeness Fruit may be harvested from the same tree over several weeks
Ripe fruit should yield when squeezed and give way with a gentle tug
Color change not a reliable indicator of ripeness
Fruit may be harvested from the same tree over several weeks
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Pawpaw RVT Overview
There is great variation in fruit size, yield, and quality among the pawpaw selections examined
About 4 to 5 years to come into production
A number of pawpaw selections in the trial show promise for production in Kentucky [Shenandoah, Sunflower, Overleese, NC-1]
Availability of some PawPaw Foundation selections a problem (4-2, 1-7-2, 10-35)
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Pawpaw Information Web Site Frankfort, Kentucky
Pawpaw Links Personnel Kentucky Nut Growers Spring Meeting NEW -n BIO 495: Topics in Biology- Understanding Biotechnology Spring Semester 2005
BIO 495: Topics in Biology-Understanding Biotechnology Spring Semester 2005
Are genetically engineered fruits and vegetables safe to eat? What is the Human Genome Project? How is DNA finger printing done in forensics? These and other topics will be covered in a new course entitled BIO 495: Topics in Biology-Understanding Biotechnology at Kentucky State University.
These and other topics will be covered in a new course entitled BIO 495: Topics in Biology-Understanding Biotechnology at Kentucky State University. These and other topics will be covered in a new course entitled BIO 495: Topics in Biology-Understanding Biotechnology at Kentucky State University.
3-month hours Lecture: Tuesday and 1 Thursday 5:00 to 6:30 pm Laboratory: Wednesday 5:00 to 0:00 pm Pre-course: Genetics Bio 307 or consent of instructor Please contact Dr. Mark Pomer of 300-657-6540 or kpomer@ginest.org to info@ginest.org
New Biotechnology course offered! NEW
Pawpaw in the News NEW
Pawpaw Commercial and Video
Pawpaw Research at Kentucky State University
Reports and Publications
PowerPoint Presentations Pawpaw FAQ Planting Guide Cultivars NEW Nurseries Description of Fruit and
Pawpaw Program
Kentucky State University has the only full-time pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] research program in the world as part of the KSU Land Grant Program. Pawpaw research efforts are directed at improving seed and clonal propagation methods, developing orchard management recommendations, conducting regional variety trials, understanding fruit ripening processes, developing fruit storage techniques, and germplasm collection and characterization of genetic diversity. KSU also is the home of the PawPaw Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to the research and development of pawpaw as a new fruit crop. Over 150,000 visitors since the website was placed on the internet!
Over 150,000 visitors since the website was placed on the internet!
http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/