HTML — PaddleOCR-VL (Baidu)

Page 1 Download HTML

Page 2 Download HTML

Introduction

Rubus

Native to Kentucky

Historically wild harvested

The official State Fruit

“U-pick”

Small commercial production

110 acres in Kentucky in 2002

Interest increasing

Page 3 Download HTML

Blackberry Terminology

Canes: Stems of bramble plants

Canes last for two seasons, then die

Primocane: A bramble cane going through its first year of growth

Floricane: A bramble cane going through its second year of growth

Most blackberries are floricane fruiting

Some blackberries are primocane fruiting

Page 4 Download HTML

Blackberry Types & Cultivars

Erect Thorny

Cherokee

Shawnee

Chickasaw*

Kiowa

• Erect Thornless

Apache*

Ouachita*

Semi-erect Thornl

Hull Thornless

Triple Crown*

Chester

Trailing

Boysen (not hardy)

Marion (not hardy)

Primocane Fruiting, Thorny

Prime-Jan*

Prime-Jim*

Page 5 Download HTML

• Erect thornless

Apache

Ripens after Ouachita

Very attractive, largest thornless erect berry, 8-10 g, size remains large all season

No sterile drupelets

Very good flavor and sweetness, 9.8% SS, stores well

Highest yielding of erect thornless varieties

Vigorous plant

Problem with white drupelets

- Tolerant to rosette, no orange rust observed

Page 6 Download HTML

Ouachita

Erect thornless

Earlier than Apache with similar hardiness

Attractive 6-7g berry

Excellent flavor, 10+% soluble solids

Excellent yields

Good post harvest handling

Vigorous plant

Resistant to rosette, no orange rust reported

Page 7 Download HTML

Chickasaw

Erect thorny

Season - mid

Yield - high

Fruit size - large 11 g

Flavor - excellent 9.6%

Moderately hardy

Excellent flower and fruit fertility, very attractive berry

Moderately resistant to anthracnose, no orange rust observed, unknown rosette

Photo from University of Arkansas

Data from Dr. John Strang University of Kentucky

Page 8 Download HTML

Triple Crown

Ripens with or slightly after Hull Thornless

Attractive, largest thornless semi-erect berry, 7.6 g

Very good sweet aromatic flavor with pleasant aftertaste, 11.1% SS

Lower yields than Chester and Hull

Berries firm, but do not hold up as well as Chester and Hull

Resistant to rosette, orange rust, and phytophthora

Page 9 Download HTML

Prime Jim & Jan

Performance very variable due to location

In Aug. and early Sept., 5 days of 85 F or more reduces yield, fruit size and quality.

No understanding of hardiness, survived 10 F

Fruit are 2-10 g

Performance very variable due to location

In Aug. and early Sept., 5 days of 85 F or more

No understanding of hardiness, survived 10 F

Plants produced fruit up into November

Fruit set problems with hot temperatures

Page 10 Download HTML

Prime Jim & Jan

Recommended for home gardeners now and for very limited commercial trial

Fruit do not have the shipping characteristics of the thornless erect blackberries.

Recommended for home gardeners now

Considerably improved thorny and

Page 11 Download HTML

Page 12 Download HTML

Weed Control

• Manual

Hand

Hoe

Weedeater

Mulching

Straw

Hay

Wood chips

Page 13 Download HTML

Irrigation

Lack of water seriously reduces yields

Require 1" water/wk during growing season

Best to irrigate throughout entire season

Irrigation very important after harvest

Without irrigation, more severe pruning improves berry size

Page 14 Download HTML

Tipping

Increases lateral growth

Increases flowering and fruit set

Makes plants more manageable

Tipping of Prime-Jim and Prime-Jan is very important (canes will grow tall)

Tipped by hand at a height of 1 meter

Page 15 Download HTML

Page 16 Download HTML

Page 17 Download HTML

White Tail Deer

Browse damage

Electric fencing

Page 18 Download HTML

Red-Necked Cane Borer

Adults lay covered eggs

Larvae exit egg directly into plant

Not exposed to pesticides

Larvae move into pith and downward

Larvae over winter in cane

Pupate in April

Adult emerges in 20-40 days

Data from Dr. John Strang University of Kentucky

Page 19 Download HTML

Japanese Beetle

Damages both foliage and fruit

Appearing in orchards now

Page 20 Download HTML

Tarnished Plant Bug

Page 21 Download HTML

White Drupelets

Sunburn-often a problem on Apache

Page 22 Download HTML

Aphids

uwave The

Page 23 Download HTML

Ladybeetle

Page 24 Download HTML

Virus

Page 25 Download HTML

Orange Rust

- Remove and destroy infected plants

Page 26 Download HTML

Crown Gall

- Dig out and remove infected plants

Photo from Dr. John Strang University of Kentucky

Page 27 Download HTML

Blackberry Harvest

Thorny

June 15-July 15

Thornless erect

June 16-Aug. 5

Thornless semi erect

July 1- Sept. 1

Primocane fruiting

Late August-frost

Avoid harvesting wet berries

Pick gently lifting berries with thumb and fingers

When harvesting for sale, don’t pick fruit when dead

When harvesting for sale, don't pick fruit when dead ripe

Page 28 Download HTML

Blackberry Harvest

Harvest interval

3-5 day interval at first

1-2 day interval at peak harvest

Harvest quantity

10 lb/hr experienced picker

14 lb/hr excellent

6-7 lb/hr less effective harvesters

8-10 pickers/A at maximum production

Page 29 Download HTML

Blackberry Quality Maintenance

Place berries in shade immediately after harvest

Refrigerate 40 to 60 minutes after harvest

Cool to 32 to 40 F at a high relative humidity

Place berries in shade immediately after

Refrigerate 40 to 60 minutes after harvest

Cool to 32 to 40 F at a high relative

Each hour delay in getting berries

Page 30 Download HTML

KSU Blackberry Variety Trial

Advanced selections from the University of Arkansas

Primocane fruiting

Floricane fruiting

Commercially available primocane and floricane fruiting varieties.

Page 31 Download HTML

Blackberry Trial Map

border row 1 border row 2 Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 border row 11 2 rows comprise 1 block

row 3 row 4 row 5 row 6 row 7 row 8 row 9 row 10 14 ft between rows

Triple Crown Apache Triple Crown Prime Jan Heritage Prime Jim Prime Jim Heritage Triple Crown Prime Jan Apache 11 rows (8 rows in variety trial, 3 border rows)

Triple Crown Apache Triple Crown Prime Jan Heritage Prime Jim Prime Jim Heritage Triple Crown Prime Jan Apache = 140 ft wide planting (E-W)

Triple Crown Apache Triple Crown Prime Jan Heritage Prime Jim Prime Jim Heritage Triple Crown Prime Jan Apache

Chickasaw Apache Triple Crown Prime Jan Heritage Prime Jim Prime Jim Heritage Triple Crown Prime Jan Apache

extra? Apache Triple Crown Prime Jan Heritage Prime Jim Prime Jim Heritage Triple Crown Prime Jan Apache 2 ft between plants within a row

5 ft between groups of 5 plants within a row

Triple Crown Triple Crown Apache APF-40 APF-46 APF-40 Prime Jan Apache Prime Jim APF-46 A-2215T 7 groups of 5 plants in each row

Triple Crown Triple Crown Apache APF-40 APF-46 APF-40 Prime Jan Apache Prime Jim APF-46 A-2215T (5 grps/ 5 variety trial, 2 grps/five border)

Triple Crown Triple Crown Apache APF-40 APF-46 APF-40 Prime Jan Apache Prime Jim APF-46 A-2215T = 86 ft long planting (N-S)

Chickasaw Triple Crown Apache APF-40 APF-46 APF-40 Prime Jan Apache Prime Jim APF-46 A-2215T

extra? Triple Crown Apache APF-40 APF-46 APF-40 Prime Jan Apache Prime Jim APF-46 A-2215T code no.

1 A-1937T

Prime Jan A-1937T APF-41 Chickasaw APF-77 Apache Prime Jim APF-46 APF-40 APF-41 Triple Crown 2

Prime Jan A-1937T APF-41 Chickasaw APF-77 Apache Prime Jim APF-46 APF-40 APF-41 Triple Crown 3

Prime Jan A-1937T APF-41 Chickasaw APF-77 Apache Prime Jim APF-46 APF-40 APF-41 Triple Crown 4

Prime Jan A-1937T APF-41 Chickasaw APF-77 Apache Prime Jim APF-46 APF-40 APF-41 Triple Crown 5

extra? A-1937T APF-41 Chickasaw APF-77 Apache Prime Jim APF-46 APF-40 APF-41 Triple Crown 6

extra? APF-27 APF-27 APF-42 Prime Jim Prime Jan APF-40 APF-77 APF-77 APF-42 APF-41 APF-40

Prime Jim A-2215T APF-27 APF-42 Prime Jim Prime Jan APF-40 APF-77 APF-77 APF-42 APF-41 APF-42

extra? APF-27 APF-27 APF-42 APF-42 APF-40 APF-77 APF-77 APF-42 APF-42 APF-41 APF-42

TC (KSU) A-2241T Prime Jim APF-46 APF-42 Chickasaw APF-27 APF-42 Chickasaw Prime Jan A-1937T 14

TC (KSU) A-2241T Prime Jim APF-46 APF-42 Chickasaw APF-27 APF-42 Chickasaw Prime Jan A-1937T 15

TC (KSU) A-2241T Prime Jim APF-46 APF-42 Chickasaw APF-27 APF-42 Chickasaw Prime Jan A-1937T 16

TC (KSU) A-2241T Prime Jim APF-46 APF-42 Chickasaw APF-27 APF-42 Chickasaw Prime Jan A-1937T

extra? APF-27 APF-46 APF-42 APF-42 APF-27 APF-41 APF-41 APF-42 APF-27 APF-27 APF-27

Prime Jim A-2315T APF-77 Prime Jan APF-27 APF-41 APF-41 APF-41 Chickasaw Apache APF-27 APF-27

APF-27 A-2241T APF-27 APF-77 APF-27 APF-41 APF-41 APF-41 Chickasaw Apache APF-27 APF-27

APF-27 APF-27 APF-77 APF-77 APF-41 APF-41 APF-41 APF-41 APF-41 APF-27 APF-27 APF-27

APF-27 APF-27 APF-77 APF-77 APF-41 APF-41 APF-41 APF-41 APF-4

Page 32 Download HTML

First Year Survival & Vigor

Taken in October 2006

Survival

Number of canes

Number of flowering/fruiting canes

Vigor

Page 33 Download HTML

First Year Survival & Vigor

Selection	Survival	# of canes	# of flowering or fruiting canes	Vigor
APF-27	100 a	39	4 d	6.6
APF-40	100 a	32	6 cd	6.1
APF-41	100 a	34	5 cd	6.8
APF-42	100 a	32		6.0
APF-46	100 a	39		7.0
APF-77	100 a	29		6.0
PrimeJan	85 a	31		4.1
PrimeJim	55 b	22		5.0
P-value	0.001	0.020	0.001	0.052
Significance	***	N.S.	***	N.S.

Page 34 Download HTML

Results

APF selections had good survival

Prime Jim had poor survival

Total cane number was similar for all genotypes

APF-46 produced the most flowering/fruiting canes

APF-27 and APF-77 produced the fewest

Total cane number was similar for all genotypes

APF-46 produced the most flowering/fruiting

APF-27 and APF-77 produced the fewest

Vigor was similar for all genotypes; however,

Page 35 Download HTML

Discussion

• APF-46 produced more flowering/fruiting canes than other genotypes

APF-46 produced more flowering/fruiting

Although first year survival and vigor

Page 36 Download HTML

2007 Freeze Event

Long lasting freeze event

15 F recorded at the KSU research farm

All actively growing blackberry shoots killed

Page 37 Download HTML

Winter Cane Dieback

Selection	Percent Cane Dieback	Significance
A-1937T	3.0	ef
A-2215T	0.0	f
A-2241T	2.0	ef
A-2315T	0.5	f
Apache	5.0	ef
APF-27	17.5	ef
APF-40	25.0	de
APF-41	38.8	cd
APF-42	15.0	ef
APF-46		a
APF-77	15.0	ef
Chickasaw	4.3	ef
Prime Jan	57.8	b
Prime Jim	45.6	bc
Triple Crown	5.6	ef

Page 38 Download HTML

Discussion

APF-46 had the highest cane dieback

Prime Jim & Jan also suffered from high dieback

Primocane fruiting genotypes tended to have more dieback than floricane dieback

APF-46 had the highest cane dieback

Prime Jim & Jan also suffered from high

Primocane fruiting genotypes tended to

May not be an issue if plants are mowed

Page 39 Download HTML

Conclusions

Primocane fruiting blackberries have the potential to produce a niche-market crop for Kentucky growers from late summer until frost; However, the currently available primocane blackberry selections Prime-Jim® and Prime-Jan® are not suitable for commercial production.

APF selections may have improved characteristics over currently available primocane fruiting selections

Primocane fruiting blackberries have the

APF selections may have improved

Mowing plants down in spring may delay

Page 40 Download HTML

Acknowledgements

Dr. John Strang, University of Kentucky

Dr. John Clark, University of Arkansas

KSU Land Grant Program

Page 41 Download HTML

Questions?

Rebuilt HTML — PaddleOCR-VL (Baidu)