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MLA 9^{th} Citations

The Modern Language Association (MLA) is the primary professional association for the study of language and literature. They also publish the main style and formatting guide used in most Humanities disciplines.

Why do we follow these rules?

By formatting the same way every time, we...

make reading easier for our professors and on publishers, who might struggle if all papers are formatted differently.

can practice all of the rules and make writing easier for us, too.

When we are quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing, or even using images, we...

give credit. Other authors have worked hard on their material, and it is our job to respect that.

give yourself credibility. Citations show that you studied your topic and are connecting with other authors.

What does this look like?

In-Text Citations. Works Cited Page

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In-Text Citations

What are they?

In-text citations are how you give credit to the author and their work inside the paper. They can use parentheses, names, titles, and page numbers. Make sure they are outside of quotation marks and before the period.

One Author (name not in sentence)	One Author (name in sentence)	No Author Listed
The author states, “The printing press revolutionized writing and publication” (Johnson 17). *Note where the quotation marks and period go.*	Johnson expresses that the printing press brought about widespread change to Renaissance writing (17).	If no author is given, simply use the title of the source in the parentheses. Remember, this can hurt credibility.
CITATION: (Johnson 17)	CITATION: (17)	CITATION: (“The Printing Press” 17)
Two Authors	Three or More Authors	Multiple Works by the Same Author	Using a Quote in Another Work
If there is more than one author, place an “and” between their last names. Do not use the “&” symbol in MLA.	If there are three or more authors, take the first listed author’s name and add “et al.” after it with the page numbers still at the end.	If you are quoting multiple works by the same author, then just make sure to place the title (shorten it if too long) after their name and before the pages. There is a comma in this one.	If you are taking a quote you found in someone else’s work, reference the author of the place you found it in. Use “qtd. in” before the rest.
CITATION: (Smith and Roberts 33)	CITATION: (Williams et al. 33)	CITATION: (Rodriguez, Laws 24)	CITATION: (qtd. in Jones 11)

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Works Cited Entries

(see MLA Core Elements Note Outline)

What are they?

Works Cited entries are the full citations. Formatting them allows everyone to read citations in the same way. Below, every piece of an entry is in order and explained.

*****

1. Author./Last name, First name.

the creator/s of the work

2. Title of Source. / “Title of Source.”

italics if it stands on its own

books, movies, TV shows, paintings, albums, etc.

shows, paintings, albums, etc.

“quotation marks” if it does not stand on its own

articles, chapters, episodes, songs, etc.

3. Title of Container.

If the work does not stand on its own, this is what it is in.

A journal is a common example.

4. Other contributors,

editors, translators, illustrators, etc.

5. Version,

i.e., the edition of a book, the volume number of a journal

6. Number,

i.e., the issue number of a journal

7. Publisher,

the organization or company that published the work

8. Publication date,

the date the work was published (if available)

9. Location.

the page numbers, styled as "pp. 1-34" (if there are any)

10. Title of Container #2,

the online database the source is from (if used)

11. Location #2.

the link (if there is one)

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Works Cited Page

What is it?

The Works Cited page is usually the final page of a research paper. This is where you will compile and alphabetize all of your sources. This section gives your readers the ability to find and interact with the sources you used. It proves that the sources in your paper are real and available. Below is a sample Works Cited page in 12 pt., Times New Roman, and double-spaced with a hanging indent.

Note that “Works Cited” is not bigger, bolded, underlined, or in quotes. It is only centered.

Johnson 4

Works Cited

Goldman, Anne. "Questions of Transport: Reading Primo Levi Reading Dante." The Georgia Review, vol. 64, no. 1, spring 2010, pp. 69-88. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41403188.

Mantel, Hilary. Wolf Hall. Picador, 2010.

Poe, Edgar Allan. “The Masque of the Red Death.” The Complete Works of Edgar Allan Poe, edited by James A. Harrison, vol. 4, Thomas Y. Crowell, 1902, pp. 250-58. HathiTrust Digital Library, hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924079574368.

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