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Primocane Fruiting
Blackberry Trial Results
Kirk W. Pomper*, Jeremiah D. Lowe, and Sheri B. Crabtree
Department of Plant and Soil Science, Kentucky State University
John R. Clark
Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas
John G. Strang
Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky
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Introduction
Rubus
The official State Fruit
“U-pick”
Small commercial production
In 2006 there were 150 acres of blackberries in KY
Mainly fresh market sales and jams and jellies
Interest increasing
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Blackberry Terminology
Canes: Stems of bramble plants
Canes last for two seasons, then die
Primocane: A bramble cane going through its first year of growth
Floricane: A bramble cane going through its second year of growth
Canes last for two seasons, then die
Most blackberries are floricane fruiting
Some blackberries are primocane fruiting
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Blackberry Types & Cultivars
Erect Thorny
– Cherokee
Shawnee
Semi-erect Thornless
Hull Thornless
Triple Crown*
– Chickasaw* – Chester
Kiowa
Erect Thornless
– Apache*
— Ouachita*
• Trailing
— Boysen (not hardy)
– Marion (not hardy)
Primocane Fruiting, Thorny
— Prime-Jan*
– Prime-Jim*
Data from Dr. John Strang University of Kentucky
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Prime-Jim & Prime-Jan
Released by the University of Arkansas
Recommended for home gardeners and for very limited commercial trial
Fruit have poor shipping characteristics
Recommended for home gardeners and for
Fruit size and quality are affected by the hot
temperatures above 85oF can greatly reduce fruit
temperatures above 85circF can greatly reduce fruit set, size and quality on primocanes
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Primocane Fruiting Blackberries
Great for Farmers Markets in Kentucky (fruit from August until frost!)
Floricane and Primocane fruiting
Mowing instead of pruning
Erect selections do not need a trellis
Potential organic production
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Objective
• To determine if advanced selections developed by the University of Arkansas Blackberry Breeding Program were superior to Prime-Jim® and Prime-Jan® in terms of yield and fruit quality under Kentucky growing conditions.
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Blackberry Selections
Established June 2006 at KSU
Floricane fruiting selections:
Apache (thornless erect)
Chickasaw (thorny erect)
Triple Crown (thornless-trailing)
Primocane fruiting selections:
– Prime-Jim®
– Prime-Jan®
Established June 2006 at KSU
Floricane fruiting selections:
Triple Crown (thornless-trailing)
Primocane fruiting selections:
(all thorny erect, primocane-fruiting)
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Trial Design
Randomized complete block design
-4 blocks
– 20 plants of each cultivar or selection
Spacing
– 2 feet between each plant
– Rows 70 feet long
– Rows 14 feet apart
Managed using National Organic Program standards
Harvested on Monday and Thursday
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Weed Control
Manual
-Hand
-Hoe
-Weed eater
Mulching
—Straw
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Irrigation
T-tape
Lack of water seriously reduces yields
Require 1" water/wk during growing season
Best to irrigate throughout entire season
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The April Freeze Event and High Summer Temperatures in 2007
• No fruit production data collected from floricanes
— April freeze damaged floricanes
Summer temperatures
Warm temps thought to reduce fruit set on
44 days over 85oF in August and September,
– 44 days over 85°F in August and September,
2007
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Prime Jim
Yield: very low
Berry size: 1.9 g
Brix: 13.1
Comments: Poor fruit set and size due to high temperatures?
Harvest:
– start 8/2, half 8/27, end 10/26 (frost)
Prime Jim
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Prime-Jan
• Comments: Better yields than expected; not influenced by the summer heat as much as Prime Jim?
Yield: good
Berry size: 3.2 g
Brix: 10.3
Harvest:
– start 8/2, half 8/30, end 10/26
Prime Jan
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APF-27
Yield: low
Berry size: 3.0 g
Brix: 12.5
• Comments: Nice flavor.
Harvest:
– Start 8/2, half 9/4, end 10/26
APF-27
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APF-40
Yield: very good
Berry size: 3.9 g
Brix: 12.5
Comments: best producer; largest fruit; best choice so far.
Harvest:
start 8/6, half 8/27, end 10/26
APF-40
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APF-41
Yield: low
Berry size: 3.7 g
Brix: 14
• Comments: Late harvest; nice fruit form and size.
Harvest:
– start 8/20, half 9/11, end 10/26
APF-41
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APF-42
Yield: low
Berry size: 2.2 g
Brix: 12.7
Harvest:
• Comments: Double fruits a big problem for harvest; already dropped from the trial.
– start 8/6, half 9/6, end 10/26
APF-42
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APF-46
Yield: low
Berry size: 2.6 g
Brix: 13.7
Harvest:
• Comments: Small plants, may benefit from pinching at 0.5 meter.
– start 8/2, half 9/11, end 10/26
APF-46
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APF-77
Yield: low
Berry size: 3.1 g
Brix: 11.2
• Comments: Late harvest period; interesting flavor.
Harvest:
– start 8/2, half 9/24, end 10/26
APF-77
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2007 Yield and Berry Weight Data
| Selection | Yield (lb/acre) | Berry weight (g) |
|---|---|---|
| APF-27 | 1931 b | 2.8 bc |
| APF-40 | 3180 a | 3.9 a |
| APF-41 | 1738 b | 3.7 a |
| APF-42 | 1974 b | 2.2 de |
| APF-46 | 1677 b | 2.6 cd |
| APF-77 | 2136 b | 3.1 b |
| Prime-Jan ® | 2235 ab | 3.2 b |
| Prime-Jim ® | 367 c | 1.9 e |
| P-value | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Significance | *** | *** |
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Harvest 2007
KENTUCKY STATE UNIVERSITY
| Mid point | |||
| Selection | First harvest | (half berry wt) | Last harvest |
|---|---|---|---|
| APF-27 | 8/02 | 9/04 | 10/26 |
| APF-40 | 8/06 | 8/27 | 10/26 |
| APF-41 | 8/20 | 9/11 | 10/26 |
| APF-42 | 8/06 | 9/06 | 10/26 |
| APF-46 | 8/02 | 9/11 | 10/26 |
| APF-77 | 8/02 | 9/24 | 10/26 |
| Prime-Jan ® | 8/02 | 8/30 | 10/26 |
| Prime-Jim ® | 8/02 | 8/27 | 10/26 |
(Frost)
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Early Tasting Data From UK and KSU Events
N
| Selection | flavor | sweetness | bitterness | tartness |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prime Jan | 3.0 ab | 2.6 cd | 3.2 ab | 3.4 |
| Prime Jim | 2.7 b | 2.4 d | 3.4 a | 3.3 |
| APF-27 | 3.3 ab | 3.0 abcd | 2.6 abc | 2.6 |
| APF-40 | 3.6 a | 3.2 ab | 2.2 c | 2.6 |
| APF-41 | 2.9 b | 2.6 cd | 2.7 abc | 3.1 |
| APF-42 | 3.7 a | 3.5 a | 2.4 bc | 2.7 |
| APF-46 | 3.2 ab | 2.8 bcd | 3.1 ab | 2.6 |
| APF-77 | 3.6 a | 3.1 abc | 2.5 bc | 3.0 |
| sig | * | ** | * | NS |
| 5=intense | 5=intense | 5=intense | 5=intense | |
| 1=mild | 1=mild | 1=mild | 1=mild |
N = 21
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Conclusions
Primocane fruiting blackberries could be a niche-market crop for Kentucky growers (farmers markets) from Mid-summer until frost.
Mowing instead of pruning, no trellis, and potential organic production are also attractive to growers.
APF advanced selections have improved characteristics over Prime Jim and Prime Jan.
Primocane fruiting blackberries could be a niche-
Mowing instead of pruning, no trellis, and potential
APF-45 will also be established at KSU in 2008 and
APF selections are not currently available to growers
APF selections are not currently available to growers and patent decisions have yet to be made.
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