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Introduction

Rubus

Native to Kentucky
Historically wild harvested
The official State Fruit
“U-pick”
Small commercial production
110 acres in Kentucky in 2002
Interest increasing

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Blackberry Terminology

Canes: Stems of bramble plants
Canes last for two seasons, then die
Primocane: A bramble cane going through its first year of growth
Floricane: A bramble cane going through its second year of growth
Most blackberries are floricane fruiting
Some blackberries are primocane fruiting

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Blackberry Types & Cultivars

Erect Thorny

Cherokee
Shawnee
Chickasaw*
Kiowa

• Erect Thornless

Apache*
Ouachita*
Semi-erect Thornl
Hull Thornless
Triple Crown*
Chester
Trailing
Boysen (not hardy)
Marion (not hardy)
Primocane Fruiting, Thorny
Prime-Jan*
Prime-Jim*

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• Erect thornless

Apache

Ripens after Ouachita
Very attractive, largest thornless erect berry, 8-10 g, size remains large all season
No sterile drupelets
Very good flavor and sweetness, 9.8% SS, stores well
Highest yielding of erect thornless varieties
Vigorous plant
Problem with white drupelets

- Tolerant to rosette, no orange rust observed

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Ouachita

Erect thornless
Earlier than Apache with similar hardiness
Attractive 6-7g berry
Excellent flavor, 10+% soluble solids
Excellent yields
Good post harvest handling
Vigorous plant
Resistant to rosette, no orange rust reported

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Chickasaw

Erect thorny
Season - mid
Yield - high
Fruit size - large 11 g
Flavor - excellent 9.6%
Moderately hardy
Excellent flower and fruit fertility, very attractive berry

Moderately resistant to anthracnose, no orange rust observed, unknown rosette

Photo from University of Arkansas

Data from Dr. John Strang University of Kentucky

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Triple Crown

Ripens with or slightly after Hull Thornless
Attractive, largest thornless semi-erect berry, 7.6 g
Very good sweet aromatic flavor with pleasant aftertaste, 11.1% SS
Lower yields than Chester and Hull
Berries firm, but do not hold up as well as Chester and Hull
Resistant to rosette, orange rust, and phytophthora

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Prime Jim & Jan

Performance very variable due to location
In Aug. and early Sept., 5 days of 85 F or more reduces yield, fruit size and quality.
No understanding of hardiness, survived 10 F
Fruit are 2-10 g
Performance very variable due to location
In Aug. and early Sept., 5 days of 85 F or more
No understanding of hardiness, survived 10 F
Plants produced fruit up into November
Fruit set problems with hot temperatures
Fruit set problems with hot temperatures

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Prime Jim & Jan

Recommended for home gardeners now and for very limited commercial trial
Fruit do not have the shipping characteristics of the thornless erect blackberries.
Recommended for home gardeners now
Considerably improved thorny and

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Weed Control

• Manual

Hand
Hoe
Weedeater
Mulching
Straw
Hay
Wood chips

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Irrigation

Lack of water seriously reduces yields
Require 1" water/wk during growing season
Best to irrigate throughout entire season
Irrigation very important after harvest
Without irrigation, more severe pruning improves berry size

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Tipping

Increases lateral growth
Increases flowering and fruit set
Makes plants more manageable
Tipping of Prime-Jim and Prime-Jan is very important (canes will grow tall)
Tipped by hand at a height of 1 meter

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White Tail Deer

Browse damage
Electric fencing

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Red-Necked Cane Borer

Adults lay covered eggs
Larvae exit egg directly into plant
Not exposed to pesticides
Larvae move into pith and downward
Larvae over winter in cane
Pupate in April
Adult emerges in 20-40 days

Data from Dr. John Strang University of Kentucky

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Japanese Beetle

Damages both foliage and fruit
Appearing in orchards now

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Tarnished Plant Bug

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White Drupelets

Sunburn-often a problem on Apache

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Aphids

uwave The uwave the uwave the uwave the $ \uwave{\text

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Ladybeetle

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Virus

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Orange Rust

- Remove and destroy infected plants

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Crown Gall

- Dig out and remove infected plants

Photo from Dr. John Strang University of Kentucky

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Blackberry Harvest

Thorny
June 15-July 15
Thornless erect
June 16-Aug. 5
Thornless semi erect
July 1- Sept. 1
Primocane fruiting
Late August-frost
Avoid harvesting wet berries
Pick gently lifting berries with thumb and fingers
When harvesting for sale, don’t pick fruit when dead
When harvesting for sale, don't pick fruit when dead ripe

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Blackberry Harvest

Harvest interval

3-5 day interval at first
1-2 day interval at peak harvest
Harvest quantity
10 lb/hr experienced picker
14 lb/hr excellent
6-7 lb/hr less effective harvesters
8-10 pickers/A at maximum production

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Blackberry Quality Maintenance

Place berries in shade immediately after harvest
Refrigerate 40 to 60 minutes after harvest
Cool to 32 to 40 F at a high relative humidity
Place berries in shade immediately after
Refrigerate 40 to 60 minutes after harvest
Cool to 32 to 40 F at a high relative
Each hour delay in getting berries

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KSU Blackberry Variety Trial

Advanced selections from the University of Arkansas
Primocane fruiting
Floricane fruiting
Commercially available primocane and floricane fruiting varieties.

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Blackberry Trial Map

border row 1 border row 2 Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 border row 11 2 rows comprise 1 block

row 3 row 4 row 5 row 6 row 7 row 8 row 9 row 10 14 ft between rows

Triple Crown Apache Triple Crown Prime Jan Heritage Prime Jim Prime Jim Heritage Triple Crown Prime Jan Apache 11 rows (8 rows in variety trial, 3 border rows)

Triple Crown Apache Triple Crown Prime Jan Heritage Prime Jim Prime Jim Heritage Triple Crown Prime Jan Apache = 140 ft wide planting (E-W)

Triple Crown Apache Triple Crown Prime Jan Heritage Prime Jim Prime Jim Heritage Triple Crown Prime Jan Apache

Chickasaw Apache Triple Crown Prime Jan Heritage Prime Jim Prime Jim Heritage Triple Crown Prime Jan Apache

extra? Apache Triple Crown Prime Jan Heritage Prime Jim Prime Jim Heritage Triple Crown Prime Jan Apache 2 ft between plants within a row

5 ft between groups of 5 plants within a row

Triple Crown Triple Crown Apache APF-40 APF-46 APF-40 Prime Jan Apache Prime Jim APF-46 A-2215T 7 groups of 5 plants in each row

Triple Crown Triple Crown Apache APF-40 APF-46 APF-40 Prime Jan Apache Prime Jim APF-46 A-2215T (5 grps/ 5 variety trial, 2 grps/five border)

Triple Crown Triple Crown Apache APF-40 APF-46 APF-40 Prime Jan Apache Prime Jim APF-46 A-2215T = 86 ft long planting (N-S)

Chickasaw Triple Crown Apache APF-40 APF-46 APF-40 Prime Jan Apache Prime Jim APF-46 A-2215T

extra? Triple Crown Apache APF-40 APF-46 APF-40 Prime Jan Apache Prime Jim APF-46 A-2215T code no.

1 A-1937T

Prime Jan A-1937T APF-41 Chickasaw APF-77 Apache Prime Jim APF-46 APF-40 APF-41 Triple Crown 2

Prime Jan A-1937T APF-41 Chickasaw APF-77 Apache Prime Jim APF-46 APF-40 APF-41 Triple Crown 3

Prime Jan A-1937T APF-41 Chickasaw APF-77 Apache Prime Jim APF-46 APF-40 APF-41 Triple Crown 4

Prime Jan A-1937T APF-41 Chickasaw APF-77 Apache Prime Jim APF-46 APF-40 APF-41 Triple Crown 5

extra? APF-27 APF-41 Chickasaw APF-77 Apache Prime Jim APF-46 APF-40 APF-41 Triple Crown 6

extra? APF-27 APF-41 APF-42 Prime Jim Prime Jan APF-40 APF-77 APF-77 APF-42 APF-41 APF-40

Prime Jim A-2215T APF-27 APF-42 Prime Jim Prime Jan APF-40 APF-77 APF-77 APF-42 APF-41 APF-42

Prime Jim A-2215T APF-27 APF-42 Prime Jim Prime Jan APF-40 APF-77 APF-77 APF-42 APF-42 APF-42

extra? APF-27 APF-42 APF-42 APF-42 APF-42 APF-40 APF-77 APF-77 APF-42 APF-42 APF-42

TC (KSU) A-2241T Prime Jim APF-46 APF-42 Chickasaw APF-27 APF-42 Chickasaw Prime Jan A-1937T 14

TC (KSU) A-2241T Prime Jim APF-46 APF-42 Chickasaw APF-27 APF-42 Chickasaw Prime Jan A-1937T 15

TC (KSU) A-2241T Prime Jim APF-46 APF-42 Chickasaw APF-27 APF-42 Chickasaw Prime Jan A-1937T 16

TC (KSU) A-2241T APF-46 APF-42 APF-42 APF-27 APF-42 APF-42 Chickasaw Prime Jan APF-42 APF-42

extra? APF-27 APF-46 APF-42 APF-42 APF-27 APF-42 APF-42 Chickasaw APF-27 APF-42 APF-42

PT (KSU) APF-27 APF-46 APF-42 APF-42 APF-41 APF-41 APF-41 APF-41 APF-27 APF-27 APF-27

PT (KSU) APF-27 APF-46 APF-42 APF-41 APF-41 APF-41 APF-41 APF-27 APF-27 APF-27 APF-27

PT (KSU) APF-27 APF-46 APF-42 APF-41 APF-41 <ecel>

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First Year Survival & Vigor

Taken in October 2006
Survival
Number of canes
Number of flowering/fruiting canes
Vigor

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First Year Survival & Vigor

Selection	Survival	# of canes	# of flowering or fruiting canes	Vigor
APF-27	100 a	39	4 d	6.6
APF-40	100 a	32	6 cd	6.1
APF-41	100 a	34	5 cd	6.8
APF-42	100 a	32		6.0
APF-46	100 a	39		7.0
APF-77	100 a	29		6.0
PrimeJan	85 a	31		4.1
PrimeJim	55 b	22		5.0
P-value	0.001	0.020	0.001	0.052
Significance	***	N.S.	***	N.S.

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Results

APF selections had good survival
Prime Jim had poor survival
Total cane number was similar for all genotypes
APF-46 produced the most flowering/fruiting canes
APF-27 and APF-77 produced the fewest
Total cane number was similar for all genotypes
APF-46 produced the most flowering/fruiting
APF-27 and APF-77 produced the fewest
Vigor was similar for all genotypes; however,

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Discussion

• APF-46 produced more flowering/fruiting canes than other genotypes

APF-46 produced more flowering/fruiting
Although first year survival and vigor

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2007 Freeze Event

Long lasting freeze event
15 F recorded at the KSU research farm
All actively growing blackberry shoots killed

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Winter Cane Dieback

Selection	Percent Cane Dieback	Significance
A-1937T	3.0	ef
A-2215T	0.0	f
A-2241T	2.0	ef
A-2315T	0.5	f
Apache	5.0	ef
APF-27	17.5	ef
APF-40	25.0	de
APF-41	38.8	cd
APF-42	15.0	ef
APF-46		a
APF-77	15.0	ef
Chickasaw	4.3	ef
Prime Jan	57.8	b
Prime Jim	45.6	bc
Triple Crown	5.6	ef

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Discussion

APF-46 had the highest cane dieback
Prime Jim & Jan also suffered from high dieback
Primocane fruiting genotypes tended to have more dieback than floricane dieback
APF-46 had the highest cane dieback
Prime Jim & Jan also suffered from high
Primocane fruiting genotypes tended to
May not be an issue if plants are mowed

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Conclusions

Primocane fruiting blackberries have the potential to produce a niche-market crop for Kentucky growers from late summer until frost; However, the currently available primocane blackberry selections Prime-Jim® and Prime-Jan® are not suitable for commercial production.
APF selections may have improved characteristics over currently available primocane fruiting selections
Primocane fruiting blackberries have the
APF selections may have improved
Mowing plants down in spring may delay

Rebuilt HTML — PaddleOCR-VL (Baidu)

Introduction

Blackberry Terminology

Blackberry Types & Cultivars

• Erect Thornless

Apache

Ouachita

Chickasaw

Triple Crown

Prime Jim & Jan

Prime Jim & Jan

Weed Control

• Manual

Irrigation

Tipping

White Tail Deer

Red-Necked Cane Borer

Japanese Beetle

Tarnished Plant Bug

White Drupelets

Aphids

Ladybeetle

Virus

Orange Rust

Crown Gall

Blackberry Harvest

Blackberry Harvest

Blackberry Quality Maintenance

KSU Blackberry Variety Trial

Blackberry Trial Map

First Year Survival & Vigor

First Year Survival & Vigor

Results

Discussion

2007 Freeze Event

Winter Cane Dieback

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Questions?