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New Arkansas Blackberry Production Characteristics
Kirk W. Pomper*, Jeremiah D. Lowe*, and Sheri B. Crabtree Department of Plant and Soil Science, Kentucky State University John R. Clark Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas John G. Strang Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky
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Blackberry Terminology
Canes: Stems of bramble plants
Canes last for two seasons, then die
Primocane: A bramble cane going through its first year of growth
Floricane: A bramble cane going through its second year of growth
Canes last for two seasons, then die
Most blackberries are floricane fruiting
Some blackberries are primocane fruiting
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Floricane Fruiting Blackberries
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Arkansas Blackberry Breeding Program
• The University of Arkansas Blackberry Breeding Program has developed many excellent floricane blackberry cultivars including:
Apache, Arapaho, Cherokee, Comanche, Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Kiowa, Navaho, Ouachita, and Shawnee
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Objective
• To compare production characteristics from a number of advanced floricane fruiting selections, developed by the University of Arkansas Blackberry Breeding Program under Kentucky growing conditions.
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Materials and Methods
In June 2006, a blackberry variety trial was established at Kentucky State University.
Trial includes:
— Standards:
Chickasaw (thorny erect)
Triple Crown (semi-erect, thornless)
– University of Arkansas (Thornless, erect):
A-1937T
A-2215T
A-2241T
A-2315T
A-2241T (Natchez)
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Materials and Methods
Completely randomized design (2 replicate plots containing 5 plants of each selection in a 10 foot plot).
• Rows were spaced 14 feet apart.
This trial was managed with organic practices following the National Organic Program Standards.
Completely randomized design (2 replicate
This trial was managed with organic practices
Weed control: 6-8 inch layer of straw and hand
Irrigated weekly with t-tape laid in the rows.
– Irrigated weekly with t-tape laid in the rows.
Plastic wire t-post trellis
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Flowering
Flower buds of the floricanes of all blackberry selections were destroyed by the Easter freeze event of 2007.
In 2008, selections flowered in June and ripe fruit were harvested from plants each Monday and Thursday until August.
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Chickasaw
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A-1937T
A-2215T
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Yield and Berry Weight in 2008
SelectionYield (lb/acre)Berry weight (g)Brix2008 Harvest Period
A-1937T10,4304.38.06/30 – 8/3
A-2215T8,3593.89.27/3 – 8/11
A-2315T6,5265.57.87/3 – 8/3
Natchez8,9246.88.76/26 – 8/3
Chickasaw8,2595.49.26/30 – 8/3
Triple Crown6,7824.611.37/17 – 8/14
Significancens*****-
LSD (5%)-1.20.7-
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Arkansas Trials Established in 2004
Yield (lbs/Acre)Wt/berry
Cultivar20052006Clarksville20052006
Natchez11,4007,7638.78.0
Apache11,6559,5498.68.2
Quachita7,9557,1376.36.2
Hope
Natchez6,3987,5136.74.4
Apache3,8188,8877.96.7
Quachita2,82019,3475.84.7
(Clark and Moore, 2008)
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Fig. 1. Pedigree of ‘Natchez’ blackberry.
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Summary
• Natchez has been released for commercial production and could potentially be a popular new addition for blackberry production in Kentucky.
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Primocane Fruiting Blackberries
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Prime-Jim & Prime-Jan
Released by the University of Arkansas
Recommended for home gardeners and for very limited commercial trial
Fruit have poor shipping characteristics
Recommended for home gardeners and for
Fruit size and quality are affected by the hot
temperatures above 85oF can greatly reduce fruit
temperatures above 85circF can greatly reduce fruit set, size and quality on primocanes
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Primocane Fruiting Blackberries
Great for Farmers Markets in Kentucky (fruit from August until frost!)
Floricane and Primocane fruiting
Mowing instead of pruning
Erect selections do not need a trellis
Potential organic production
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Objective
• To determine if advanced selections developed by the University of Arkansas Blackberry Breeding Program were superior to Prime-Jim® and Prime-Jan® in terms of yield and fruit quality under Kentucky growing conditions.
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Blackberry Selections
Established June 2006 at KSU
Floricane fruiting selections:
Apache (thornless erect)
Chickasaw (thorny erect)
Triple Crown (thornless-trailing)
Primocane fruiting selections: – Prime-Jim® – Prime-Jan®
Established June 2006 at KSU
Floricane fruiting selections:
Triple Crown (thornless-trailing)
Primocane fruiting selections:
(all thorny erect, primocane-fruiting)
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Trial Design
Randomized complete block design -4 blocks
– 20 plants of each cultivar or selection
Spacing
– 2 feet between each plant
– Rows 70 feet long
– Rows 14 feet apart
Managed using National Organic Program standards
Harvested on Monday and Thursday
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Weed Control
Manual
-Hand
-Hoe -Weed eater
Mulching —Straw
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Irrigation
T-tape
Lack of water seriously reduces yields
Require 1" water/wk during growing season
Best to irrigate throughout entire season
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Flowering and Fruiting
2007
No fruit production data collected from floricanes due to spring frost.
– Fruit harvested from primocanes.
2008
Floricane and primocane crops harvested.
Drought conditions negatively impacted primocane crop.
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Selected Floricane Fruit
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Chickasaw
APF-77
APF-41
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2007 and 2008 Yield Data
Yield (lb/ac)
200720082008
SelectionPrimocaneFloricanePrimocane
APF-27149410973005
APF-40259819991947
APF-4114154415873
APF-4610216721179
APF-77110437172229
Prime Jan17188562003
Prime Jim2951856691
Significance******
LSD60410071048
KENTUCKY STATE UNIVERSITY
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2007 and 2008 Fruit Weights
Average Fruit Weight (g)
200720082008
SelectionPrimocaneFloricanePrimocane
APF-273.03.63.5
APF-404.05.03.9
APF-413.96.24.4
APF-462.53.03.0
APF-773.33.83.9
Prime Jan3.34.03.2
Prime Jim2.03.62.7
Significance******
LSD0.40.50.7
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Harvest Dates 2007 and 2008
Harvest Dates (start and end)
2007200720082008
SelectionFloricanePrimocaneFloricanePrimocane
APF-27-8/2 - 10/266/18 - 7/218/3 - 10/20
APF-40-8/6 - 10/266/18 - 8/18/3 - 10/20
APF-41-8/20 - 10/266/18 - 8/118/25 - 10/20
APF-46-8/2 - 10/266/18 - 7/248/11 - 10/20
APF-77-8/2 - 10/266/18 - 7/288/3 - 10/20
Prime Jan-8/2 - 10/266/18 - 7/248/11 - 10/20
Prime Jim-8/2 - 10/266/18 - 7/218/14 - 10/20
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Conclusions
Primocane fruiting blackberries could be a niche-market crop for Kentucky growers (farmers markets) from Mid-summer until frost.
Mowing instead of pruning, no trellis, and potential organic production are also attractive to growers.
Primocane fruiting blackberries could be a
Mowing instead of pruning, no trellis, and
APF-41 is in the final stages of release and
APF-45 was established at KSU in 2008 and
APF-45 was established at KSU in 2008 and will be evaluated.
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