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Introduction: What is Pawpaw?
Pawpaw: Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal.
Native tree fruit in the southeastern U.S.
Tropical-like flavor
mixture of banana, mango, and pineapple.
Early stages of commercial production.
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Pawpaw Flowering and Harvest
Flower on 1 year old wood
Cross-pollinate
Pollinated by flies and beetles
Ripe fruit should yield when squeezed and give way with a gentle tug
Color change not a reliable indicator of ripeness
Fruit may be harvested from the same tree over several weeks
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Pawpaw Pests
Organic production possible?
Some Past Problems
Japanese beetles
Zebra swallowtail butterfly-not necessarily a pest
Talponia plummeriana - pawpaw peduncle borer
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New Pawpaw Diseases and Pests?
Leaf and fruit spot (Phyllosticta)
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New Pawpaw Diseases and Pests?
Asian Ambrosia Beetle Xylosandrus crassiusculus
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The Kentucky State University Pawpaw Research Program
Program Leaders: Brett Callaway (1990-1993), Desmond Layne (1994-1997), and Kirk Pomper (1998-Present)
USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Pawpaw (1994)
The orchards at KSU contain more than 2000 accessions sampled from native stands from 17 different states in the papaw's native range.
Pomper et al., 2003. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 128:521-525.
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Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial
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Collections
Neal Peterson and Dr. Harry Swartz began collecting pawpaw germplasm in 1981
They assembled a germplasm collection of about 1500 accessions
Open pollinated seedlings from the historic collections of Buckman, Zimmerman, Hershey, Allard, the Blandy Experimental Farm, Ray Schlaanstine, and some modern cultivars
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Some Desirable Pawpaw Tree characteristics
Small tree size, easier harvest
Precocious bearing, 4 years or less
Vigorous growth with low to medium inputs
Open branching with strong crotch angles
High flower density
High fruit set under natural pollination
Consistently high fruit yields
Cold hardiness and drought tolerance
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Some Desirable Pawpaw Fruit Characteristics
Some Desirable Characteristics FRUITFULNESS over 40 fruit per tree FLAVOR sweet, firm texture, delicate blend of flavors, rich but not cloying, no bitter aftertaste FLESHINESS visually: mostly flesh. By weight: less than 5% of the fruit is seed FRUIT SIZE over 10 ounces
SEEDS
over 45 seeds per oz., av. seeds as small as 3/4" (2 cm) long APPEARANCE bright clear colors, no brown mottling (ripe); even, symmetrical PECULIARITIES SKIN: waxy/ fuzzy/ thick and hard/ yellow/ bluish. FLESH (ripe): white/ pink/ red. SEEDS: in a single row. RIPENING TIME: early / late KEEPING ABILITY: 2+ in refriger.
PEARLY bright clear colors, no brown mottling (ripe); even, symmetrical PECULIARITIES
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Materials and methods
28 selections, 10 named varieties, 224 total grafted trees on PPF seedling rootstock (half-sib seed)
â–  Spacing 2 m (6.5 ft) between trees, 5.5 m (18 ft) between rows
Princeton, KY (1995) and Frankfort, KY (1998)
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Commercially Available Cultivars
CloneGenetic background
‘Middletown’Wild seedling from Middletown, Ohio
‘Mitchell’Wild seedling from Iuka, Ill.
‘NC-1’‘Davis’ female × ‘Overleese’ male
‘Overleese’Cultivated (open-pollinated) seedling from Rushville, Ind.
‘PA-Golden’Second-generation seedling from G.A. Zimmerman collection
‘Sunflower’Wild seedling from Chanute, Kansas.
‘Taylor’Wild seedling from Eaton Rapids, Mich.
‘Taytwo’Wild seedling from Eaton Rapids, Mich.
‘Wells’Cultivated (open-pollinated) seedlings from Salem, Ind.
‘Wilson’Wild seedling from Cumberland, Ky.
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Seedlings of Commercially Available Cultivars
CloneGenetic background
1-7-1 ShenandoahOpen-pollinated seedling of ‘Overleese’
1-23Open-pollinated seedling of ‘Taylor’
1-68Open-pollinated seedling from ‘Overleese’
8-20Open-pollinated seedlings of ‘Sunflower’
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Seedlings from Collections
CloneOpen-pollinated seedling of
1-7-2 WabashBEF-30
2-10BEF-30
2-54GAZ-VA
3-11BEF-33
3-21BEF-43
4-2 PotomacBEF-53
5-5BEF-54
7-90RS-2
8-58 RappahannockBEF-30
9-47BEF-49
9-58BEF-50
10-35BEF-49
11-5 SusquehannaBEF-53
11-13BEF-53
BEF = Blandy Experimental Farm Collection, Boyce Va.
GAZ = George A. Zimmerman Collection., Linglestown, Pa.
RS = Ray Schlaanstine Collection, West Chester, Pa.
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Fruit Production on Mature Trees 2004-2006 in Frankfort
CloneAverage fruit weight (g)Average number of fruit per tree
3-11137 efgh68 ef
7-90135 fghi74 def
1-23126 ghij90 cde
11-13124 hij75 def
Taytwo121 hijk73 def
2-54121 hijk73 def
3-21115 ijkl60 fghi
Mitchell112 jkl58 fghi
PA-Golden108 jklm118 ab
Taylor106 jklm68 efg
Wells104 klm64 fgh
9-47100 lm74 def
Rappahannock
WilsonImage
Middletown
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What cultivars should I plant?
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NC-1
Fruit weight: 167 g
Number of fruit/tree: 36
Good flavor
Available from many commercial nurseries
NC-1
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Overleese
Fruit weight: 157 g
Number of fruit/tree: 40
Good flavor (melon)
Available from many commercial nurseries
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Sunflower
Fruit weight: 165 g
Number of fruit/tree: 63
Mild flavor
Available from many commercial nurseries
Sunflower
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Potomac
Fruit weight: 244 g
Number of fruit/tree: 31
Good flavor
Fruit cracking?
Peterson Pawpaws Limited availability
Potomac
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Shenandoah
Fruit weight: 157 g
Number of fruit/tree: 61
Mild flavor
Peterson Pawpaws
Limited availability
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Wabash
Fruit weight: 183 g
Number of fruit/tree: 51
Dark flesh
Cracking issues
Peterson Pawpaws
Limited availability
Wabash
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Pawpaw RVT Overview
There is great variation in fruit size, yield, and quality among the pawpaw selections examined
About 4 to 5 years to come into production
A number of pawpaw selections in the trial show promise for production in Kentucky [Potomac, Wabash, Overleese, Shenandoah, NC-1, and Sunflower] can be recommended.
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Rootstock and Training System Trial
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Pawpaw Propagation and the Nursery Industry
High tree prices are limiting development of an industry
Seedlings $5-$10
Grafted trees $15-$30
Our goal is to identify seedling rootstocks that would enhance scion growth, improve tree establishment, and promote precocity.
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Pawpaw Training and Pruning
Tend to form narrow-angled weak branches at the trunk.
Therefore, pawpaws are prone to wind damage.
A central leader training system would develop a strong framework and a desirable form for harvesting.
Will pruning dwarf a young tree and delay bearing in pawpaw?
Will fruit suffer sunburn?
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Objective
To determine if cultivar, rootstock, and training method would influence early flower bud production in pawpaw
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Materials and Methods
The rootstock trial was planted on May 10, 2004.
Rootstocks: 5 seedling rootstocks
Scions: 'Sunflower' and 'Susquehanna'
Two pruning systems: minimal pruning versus central leader
8 replicate blocks with each treatment combination for a total of 160 trees (2 x 5 x 2 x 8 = 160).
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Why Did We Choose These Selections?
Scions:
Sunflower
Noted to flower and produce fruit in 4^{th} year in Princeton, KY trial.
Susquehanna'
Slow to flower and to come into production.
Seedling rootstocks:
Cultivars vigorous: Sunflower and PA-Golden
Cultivars lack vigor: Susquehanna and K8-2
Commercial mixed seed: RVT
Studies with seedlings in containers
Seed size and genetic background important
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2008 Growing Season
Scion Percent of Trees Number of
Flowering Survival TCA Flower Density Clusters
Susquehanna 94% 68% 14.3 1.6 3.7
Sunflower 100% 82% 14.3 6.0 7.0
P-value 0.04* 0.06 NS 0.64 NS 0.0000*** 0.011*
Rootstock Percent of Trees Number of
Flowering Survival TCA Flower Density Clusters
RVT 96% 77% a 13.8 3.8 4.1
Sunflower 96% 90% a 14.0 4.2 5.6
PA-Golden 100% 84% a 15.7 4.1 6.3
K8-2 95% 73% a 14.0 3.5 3.4
Susquehanna 100% 52% b 13.7 4.7 7.1
P-value 0.63 NS 0.005** 0.32 NS 0.13 NS 0.2041 ns
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2008 Growing Season
Training MethodPercent of Trees FloweringSurvivalTCAFlower Buds Per TreeNumber of ClustersNumber of Fruit
Minimal Pruning98%72%17.4636.814.7
Central Leader97%79%11.5504.49.3
P-value0.63 NS0.20 NS0.0000***0.015*0.0093**0.003**
No evidence of sun scald on fruit
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Rootstock and Training System Conclusions
Genetic background of seedling rootstock did not influence scion precocity or growth.
Survival of Susquehanna seedling rootstock was poor.
Sunflower was more precocious than Susquehanna.
Central leader training tended to reduce vigor (TCA) and the number of flowers/tree.
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KENTUCKY STATE UNIVERSITY
pawpaw.kysu
Welcome
Personnel
Growing Information
Recipes and Uses
Reports and Presentations
Other KSU Information and Links
Calendar of Events
FAQ and Contact Information
KSU Home Page
Photograph of pawpaw flower taken on May 5, 2009. Photo by Jeremy Lowe.
pawpaw.kysu provides information on how to grow and use fruit from the North American pawpaw tree.
Over 200,000 visitors since 2003!
Googleâ„¢ Custom Search Search Site
Pawpaws Gain Standing as Kentucky Crop (6/28/09)
Pomper and Crabtree win Shepard Award for Pawpaw Research (6/18/09)
From Novel Fruits (pawpaw), a Lush Landscape in NY Times (5/20/09)
Pawpaw article in Northern Nut Growers Association Nutshell Newsletter (5/13/09)
Summaries of recent KSU pawpaw research projects (5/06/09)
KSU Student wins award for pawpaw research project (see page 7) (5/06/09)
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