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Workshop 13: Native Fruits of the Midwest
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2:00 PM
Pawpaw and the American Persimmon: Niche Tree Fruit Crops for the Midwest and Eastern United States Kirk Pomper, Kentucky State University; Sheri Crabtree, Kentucky State Univ; Jeremiah Lowe, Kentucky State Univ; Jerry Lehman, Indiana Nut Growers Association
2:20 PM
Nut Crops of the Midwest Michele R. Warmund, Ph.D., Univ of Missouri
2:40 PM
Elderberry Research and Development In Missouri Patrick Byers, Greene County Extension Office; Andrew Thomas, University of Missouri; John Avery, Missouri State University; Chad Finn, USDA ARS HCRL; Penelope Perkins-Veazie, North Carolina State University; Hwei-Yiing Li-Johnson, Lincoln University; Sanjun Gu, Lincoln University
3:00 PM
Blackberry Breeding In the Midwest John Clark, University of Arkansas
3:30-4:00 PM
Discussion
4:00-5:00 PM Fruit and Nut Tasting
5:00-6:00 PM American Pomological Society Business Meeting
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Pawpaw and the American Persimmon:
Niche Tree Fruit Crops for the Midwest
and Eastern United States
Kirk Pomper, Sheri Crabtree, Jeremiah Lowe, Kentucky State University, Land Grant Program, Frankfort, KY
and Jerry Lehman
Indiana Nut Growers Association
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American Persimmon
Diospyros virginiana
Slow growing,
moderate sized tree
Fruit: 1-2 inches in diameter
Lose astringency when ripe; sweet
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Staminate
Pistillate
Flowers usually dioecious; staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on separate trees; female trees may have a small number of male flowers.
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Native Range (Diospyros virginiana)
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Seedless Persimmon Fruit
Most named varieties are 90-chromosome type
When 90-chromosome type are grown in Kentucky and pollinated by the 60-chromosome type, the seeds abort and many of the fruit are seedless or have few seeds
‘Meader’ is self-fruitful and will set seedless fruit
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Fruit Production
Seedlings bear fruit in 4-9 years
Grafted trees can begin fruiting in 3-5 years
Fruit is hand-picked with care to maintain the cap for fresh market
Bearing trees may yield 35 to 75 pounds/tree
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Persimmon Pests and Diseases
Insect pests include psyllid, persimmon borer, fall webworm, bagworm, hickory horned devil, and twig girdler
The ambrosia beetle is a new pest in KY
Leaf spot, persimmon wilt,
and other diseases
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Domesticating Persimmon
Latter half of the 19th century:
Logan Martin (Borden, IN), James A. Little (Cartersburg, IN), Samuel Miller (Bluffton, MO), F. O. Harrington (York Center, IA), and James Troop (Purdue University)
More recently:
J. C. McDaniel (Univ. of Illinois), James Claypool, Jerry Lehman, and Don Compton
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Processing
Fruit of most varieties contain black flecks in the pulp, which are not attractive in the processed product.
‘Meader,’ ‘Killen,’ and ‘Morris Burton’ are varieties that contain few or no black specks.
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Promising Persimmon Cultivars
Early Golden'
(Alton IL, 1880)
‘Yates’
(Southern Indiana, 1983)
'John Rick'
(Seedling of Killen, 1958)
‘Morris Burton’
(Indiana, 1957)
Others: NC-10 (Campbell), Elmo, Dollywood (other Claypool selections?)
JOHN RICK PERS.
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Challenges for Persimmon
Little information on cultivar performance
Yield trials
Limited science based cultural recommendations
Fertilization, training, etc.
Harvest and Processing issues
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The North American Pawpaw
Asimina triloba (L.)
Dunal.
Slow growing,
moderate sized tree;
pyramidal in full sun
Fruit:
Clusters of 1-13 fruit
Fruit up to 2 lbs.
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Native Range (Asimina triloba)
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Pawpaw Flowering and Harvest
Flowers: monoecious
Cross-pollinate (self-fruitful?)
Pollinated by flies and beetles
Ripe fruit-soft
Color change not a reliable indicator of ripeness
Harvest from the same tree over several weeks
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Pawpaw Pests and Diseases
Leaf and fruit spot (Phyllosticta)
Japanese beetles
Leaf rollers
Zebra swallowtail
butterfly-not necessarily
a pest
Talponia plummeriana - pawpaw peduncle borer
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The Pawpaw Fruit
Tropical-like flavor and aroma
banana, mango, and pineapple
Nutritious and high in
antioxidant activity
blended fruit drinks, ice creams, yogurt, etc.
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The Potential of Pawpaw
Fresh market-unique flavor
Appearance-not unappealing
Post harvest handling issues
Bruising
Short shelf-life of about 7 days at room temp
Storage for 2-3 wks under refrigeration
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The Potential of Pawpaw
Processing pulp
Hand processing
Labor intensive
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Pawpaw Market Potential
Farmers Markets
Fruit: $1 each
$2 to $3/pound
Gourmet Market
Frozen pulp
Ice cream
Restaurants
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Domesticating Pawpaw
In 1916, best pawpaw contest sponsored by the American Genetics Association
“intelligent breeding” would result in commercial quality varieties and an industry would begin (Popenoe 1916, 1917).
An industry did not develop
One reason for the failure of pawpaw to
become popular could be rapid perishability
of fruit
One reason for the failure of pawpaw to become popular could be rapid perishability of fruit
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New Interest in Pawpaw
From 1950 and 1985, interest grew nurtured by individuals in the Northern Nut Growers Association
The PawPaw Foundation was founded in 1988, by R. Neal Peterson
Ohio Pawpaw Festival (1999-present), Ohio Pawpaw Growers Association (2000), and Appalachian Pawpaw Growers Association (2008)
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The Kentucky State University
Pawpaw Research Program
Program Leaders:
Brett Callaway (1990-1993)
Desmond Layne (1994-1997)
Kirk Pomper (1998-Present)
USDA National Clonal
Germplasm Repository for
Pawpaw; satellite of
Corvallis, OR (1994)
2000 accessions from 17 different States; over 45 cultivars
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PawPaw Foundation Collections
Neal Peterson and Harry Swartz
germplasm collection (1981)
Screening of about 1500 accessions at the University of Maryland
Open pollinated seedlings from collections of Buckman, Zimmerman, Hershey, Allard, the Blandy Experimental Farm, Ray Schlaanstine, and some modern cultivars
Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial initiated in 1994 by R. Neal Peterson and Desmond Layne
10 cultivars and 18 PPF advanced selections
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Pawpaw Regional Variety Trials (1995-2000)
| State | Cooperator | Institution | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indiana | Bruce Bordelon | Purdue University | West Lafayette |
| Iowa | Patrick O'Malley and Tom Wahl | Iowa State University | Crawfordsville, Iowa |
| Kentucky | Kirk Pomper | Kentucky State University | Frankfort, Ky. |
| Kentucky | Joseph Masabni | Univ. of Kentucky | Princeton, Ky. |
| Louisiana | Charlie Johnson | Louisiana State University | Baton Rouge, La. |
| Michigan | Dennis Fulbright | Michigan State University | Jackson, Mich. |
| Nebraska | Stan Matzke/Bill Gustafson | Univ. of Nebraska | Lincoln, Nebr. |
| New York | Ian Merwin | Cornell University | Ithaca, N.Y. |
| North Carolina | Mike Parker | N.C. State University | Raleigh, N.C. |
| Ohio | Brad Bergefurd | Ohio State University | Piketon, Ohio |
| Oregon | Kim Hummer | USDA-NCGR | Corvallis, Ore. |
| South Carolina | Greg Reighard | Clemson University | Clemson, S.C. |
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| Clone | Average fruit weight (g) | Average number of fruit per tree |
|---|---|---|
| Potomac | 235 a | 44 ghi |
| 5-5 | 188 b | 39 hi |
| Wabash | 185 b | 65 fg |
| Susquehanna | 184 b | 39 i |
| NC-1 | 179 bc | 44 ghi |
| Overleese | 170 bcd | 54 fghi |
| 8-20 | 170 bcd | 59 fghi |
| 1-68 | 167 bcd | 90 cde |
| 2-10 | 160 cde | 52 fghi |
| Shenandoah | 156 def | 78 def |
| Sunflower | 155 def | 74 def |
| 9-58 | 146 efg | 79 def |
| 10-35 | 145 efg | 105 abc |
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RVT Fruit Production on Mature Trees 2004-2006 in Frankfort, KY
| Clone | Average fruit weight (g) | Average number of fruit per tree |
|---|---|---|
| 3-11 | 137 efgh | 68 ef |
| 7-90 | 135 fghi | 74 def |
| 1-23 | 126 ghij | 90 cde |
| 11-13 | 124 hij | 75 def |
| Taytwo | 121 hijk | 73 def |
| 2-54 | 121 hijk | 73 def |
| 3-21 | 115 ijkl | 60 fghi |
| Mitchell | 112 jkl | 58 fghi |
| PA-Golden | 108 jklm | 118 ab |
| Taylor | 106 jklm | 68 efg |
| Wells | 104 klm | 64 fgh |
| 9-47 | 100 lm | 74 def |
| Rappahannock | ||
| Wilson |  | |
| Middletown |
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Challenges for Pawpaw
Can yields and quality be improved:
Training systems and rootstocks (KSU)
Fruit thinning (KSU)
Nutrient management
Harvest, post-harvest, and processing issues
New cultivars (firmer fruit)
Market development
Education
How large is the market?
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Questions?