[56,69] The legal basis for the system is a combination of municipal regulations and the Swedish Public Procurement Act, which explicitly allows for tendering processes that favour local businesses, SMEs, and sustainability. The potential conflict lies within the provisions in the Act which include EU principles of equality and non-discrimination. However, the scheme has not been legally challenged in Sweden and it is believed that two rulings by the Court of Justice of the European Union show precedent for recycling, emissions, and noise concerns to influence tendering processes [73,74].

45 municipalities had adopted co-distribution by 2015, one-seventh of all Swedish municipalities, and interest was extending to Norway.

Construction consolidation centres (CCC) are a success in the domain of UCCs in London, UK, with some early and successful examples in wider Europe, but still a low level of take up. Sharing some of the characteristics of regulatory control, controlled territory and receiver-led procurement approaches, some examples are the rebuilding of the Potsdamer Platz in Berlin [75], Hammarsby Sjöstad in Stockholm [76], the building of new campuses for the University of Amsterdam using the Binnengasthuis service [77,78], planning guidance in Utrecht and the dozen CCCs operating independently and viably in London [79–81]. The core operational basis of a typical CCC is shown in Figure 6.

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