In 2021, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) published a report entitled 'Organisation of Vector Surveillance and Control in Europe', acknowledging the evolving epidemiological landscape of vector-borne diseases across EU/EEA countries, EU enlargement policy nations, European Neighbourhood Policy partner countries, and the UK [1]. The report, covering the period 2016—2020, identified the lack of funding and adequately trained personnel as the primary barriers to effective vector surveillance and control. Additionally, the involvement of numerous stakeholders was identified as an extra barrier, whilst emphasising the importance of coordination and collaboration for successful outcomes. Most ongoing vector surveillance activities were described as 'limited in time', a trend observed across all vector groups. The report suggested that establishing long-term, sustainable surveillance systems is not only needed but will also facilitate the development of lasting entomological capacity. Additionally, the lack of clearly defined roles and responsibilities in vector control was frequently cited as a challenge, hindering the formulation of effective procedures, guidelines, and strategic frameworks.

Recent changes in the epidemiology of West Nile virus (WNV) infection, the continued spread of Aedes albopictus, and the increasing occurrence of autochthonous transmission of dengue and chikungunya virus disease in Europe [2-5] prompted ECDC to commission an update of the previously mentioned report. This update focuses specifically on Culex mosquitoes (WNV vectors) and Aedes invasive mosquitoes, and describes the surveillance and control practices, identifies challenges and gaps. This report is intended to support public health stakeholders at both the national and European level, by enhancing their understanding of how vector surveillance and control is organised across countries, and, where feasible, to help address the identified challenges and gaps.