Dedicated national committees play a key role in overcoming regulatory and operational barriers. For example, to ensure that vector control tools are available when needed, a specialised committee on biocides could support applicants in going through the approval processes.
country, the actors involved may include public health institutions, veterinary or environmental authorities, local authorities, scientific institutions, private companies and, in some settings, citizens.
The questionnaire findings indicate that funding and human-resource capacity are important issues for mosquito surveillance and control. For surveillance, respondents rated the need for more funding, more training for staff and a long-term mosquito plan as highly important. Several countries reported time-limited or project-based funding arrangements. For vector control, respondents rated the need for more funding for staff and expendables, more training of staff and better evidence on the public-health benefit of mosquito control as very important. The responses also showed variability in funding arrangements across countries, with some activities funded on an ad hoc or time-limited basis and others embedded in longer-term strategies.
In countries where municipalities, local authorities, public or veterinary health agencies, scientific institutions or private companies are involved in implementation, respondents' emphasis on training points to the importance they attach to maintaining practical competencies for data collection, surveillance, control activities and response-related procedures.
Citizen involvement was also identified by respondents as relevant to mosquito control. In particular, the need for more involvement of citizens in reducing mosquitoes in the peri-domestic environment was rated as important in the control-related needs assessment. This indicates that public participation, particularly source reduction around homes, is perceived by respondents as one component of mosquito control efforts.
The questionnaire findings indicate that legal and regulatory arrangements for mosquito control vary across countries and may influence how control activities are planned and implemented. For both Culex and Aedes invasive mosquito control, only a limited number of countries reported legal frameworks providing specific tools or rights to facilitate control activities, such as access to private property, importation regulations or tyre-storage regulations. Some countries also reported that mosquito control responsibilities are held at local or municipal level, while planning, oversight and implementation may involve different authorities or sectors. These findings indicate that, in some settings, the organisation of mosquito control may be shaped by fragmented responsibilities, variable legal mandates and differences in local implementation capacity.
Respondents also described country-specific arrangements that may affect the responsiveness of control activities. In some settings, mosquito control planning appeared to be linked to annual or predefined planning and funding cycles, while surveillance information, field assessments or changing epidemiological and entomological conditions may not always be fully integrated into planning processes. The questionnaire findings therefore suggest that, in some contexts, planned control activities and evolving operational needs may not always be fully aligned, although the extent and implications of this vary between countries.
The questionnaire findings indicate that data availability, data use and monitoring of relevant vector indicators are important operational issues for mosquito surveillance and control. Surveillance activities reported by countries commonly included indicators such as mosquito presence or absence, abundance, seasonality and infection rates, and less frequently behavioural traits or insecticide/biocide resistance. Respondents also rated the need for a better understanding of how mosquito surveillance can inform early warning for mosquito-borne disease outbreaks as very important. These findings indicate that respondents perceive the use of surveillance data for risk assessment and response as an important area for further strengthening.
The findings also point to knowledge gaps in the relationship between vector indicators and disease risk. While several countries reported using surveillance to assess the level, location or timing of transmission risk, respondents also rated the need for better evidence on the public-health benefit of mosquito control as very important. The questionnaire also identified a need for measurable control targets. Together, these findings suggest that the links between mosquito abundance, biting rates, transmission risk and operational thresholds are not consistently defined across countries.