Reminder: Health → A Result of Many Factors + Exposures Example Cardiovascular Disease

Environmental risk factors and cardiovascular disease

Climate change

• Temperature extremes
• Wildfires (PM2.5)
• Hurricanes

Water pollution

• Arsenic and copper
• Lead and mercury
• Nitrogen loading
• Micro/nanoplastic

Chemical pollution

• >16 000 chemicals
• BPA, PCBs, PFAS, phthalates
• Metals

Oxidative stress, inflammation

Endothelial dysfunction

Cardiovascular disease

Air pollution

• Particulate matter
• Ozone
• Volatile organics

COx,SOx,NOx

• Nitrogen loading

Soil pollution

• Poor microbial content
• Low nitrogen content
• Chemicals
• Toxic metals
• Micro/nanoplastic

Noise/light pollution

• Traffic, construction, and industrial noise
• Street and building lights, advertisement signs

Coronary syndrome, stroke, peripheral artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmias, hypertension

BPA, bisphenol A; COx, carbon oxide; NOx, nitrogen oxide; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyls; PFAS, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances; PM, particulate matter; SOx, sulphur oxide; Piepoli M, et al. European Heart Journal.

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Piepoli M, et al. European Heart Journal.

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