rosenbergii (96 h LC50 =14 mg/L) and Macrobrahium tenellum (72 h LC50 = 12.6 mg/L) (Armstrong 1978; Figueroa-Lucero 2012).

Sprague (1971) suggested that “safe levels” of a given toxicant could be determined by an application factor of 0.1 to LC50 values. According to our results, safe level would be below 0.7 mg/L TAN or 0.07 mg/L NH3. These data will benefit culturist working on larviculture development of M. vollenhovenii.

Figure 1. Total concentrations are shown along with survival rates.

References

Armstrong, D.A., D. Chippendale, A. Knight and J. Colt. 1978. Interaction of ionized and un-ionized ammonia on short-term survival and growth of prawn larvae, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Biio. Bull., 154:15-31.

Cavalli R.O., Vanden B.E. Lavens P., Thuy N.T.T., Wille M. and Sorgeloos P.

(2000). Ammonia Toxicity as criterion for the evaluation of larval quality in the prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Comp. Biochem. Endo. 125, 333-343.

Figueroa-Lucero, G., M.C. Hernandez-Rubio, M.G. Gutierrez-Ladron. 2012. Acute toxicity of ammonia on Macrobrachium tenellum (SMITH) larvae. Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 28 (2) 145-150.

Sprague, J.B. 1971. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish. III. Sublethal and “safe” concentrations. Water Res. 5: 793-821.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the National Science Foundation Historically Black College and Universities-Undergraduate Program (NSF-HBCU-UP) and the United States Department of Agriculture-Capacity Building Grant (USDACBG) to promote minority students' participation in STEAM-undergraduate degree programs.