===== PAGE 1 ===== ## ASHS &
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The American Pomological Society ## Workshop 13: Native Fruits of the Midwest ===== PAGE 2 ===== ## 2 :00 PM Pawpaw and the American Persimmon: Niche Tree Fruit Crops for the Midwest and Eastern United States Kirk Pomper, Kentucky State University; Sheri Crabtree, Kentucky State Univ; Jeremiah Lowe, Kentucky State Univ; Jerry Lehman, Indiana Nut Growers Association ## 2 :20 PM Nut Crops of the Midwest Michele R. Warmund, Ph.D., Univ of Missouri ## 2 :40 PM Elderberry Research and Development In Missouri Patrick Byers, Greene County Extension Office; Andrew Thomas, University of Missouri; John Avery, Missouri State University; Chad Finn, USDA ARS HCRL; Penelope Perkins-Veazie, North Carolina State University; Hwei-Yiing Li-Johnson, Lincoln University; Sanjun Gu, Lincoln University 3:00 PM Blackberry Breeding In the Midwest John Clark, University of Arkansas 3:30-4:00 PM Discussion 4:00-5:00 PM Fruit and Nut Tasting 5:00-6:00 PM American Pomological Society Business Meeting ===== PAGE 3 =====
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# Pawpaw and the American Persimmon: Niche Tree Fruit Crops for the Midwest and Eastern United States Kirk Pomper, Sheri Crabtree, Jeremiah Lowe, Kentucky State University, Land Grant Program, Frankfort, KY and Jerry Lehman Indiana Nut Growers Association ===== PAGE 4 ===== ## American Persimmon Diospyros virginiana Slow growing, moderate sized tree Fruit: 1-2 inches in diameter Lose astringency when ripe; sweet
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J. Lowe ===== PAGE 5 =====
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J. Lehman
Staminate
J. Lehman Pistillate Flowers usually dioecious; staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on separate trees; female trees may have a small number of male flowers. ===== PAGE 6 ===== ## Native Range (Diospyros virginiana)
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http://plants.usda.gov ===== PAGE 7 ===== D. virginiana 60 or 90 Chromosome Races
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90 chromosome race 60 chromosome race
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===== PAGE 8 ===== ## Seedless Persimmon Fruit Most named varieties are 90-chromosome type When 90-chromosome type are grown in Kentucky and pollinated by the 60-chromosome type, the seeds abort and many of the fruit are seedless or have few seeds ‘Meader’ is self-fruitful and will set seedless fruit
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===== PAGE 9 ===== ## Fruit Production Seedlings bear fruit in 4-9 years Grafted trees can begin fruiting in 3-5 years Fruit is hand-picked with care to maintain the cap for fresh market Bearing trees may yield 35 to 75 pounds/tree
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===== PAGE 10 ===== ## Persimmon Pests and Diseases Insect pests include psyllid, persimmon borer, fall webworm, bagworm, hickory horned devil, and twig girdler The ambrosia beetle is a new pest in KY Leaf spot, persimmon wilt, and other diseases
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J. Lowe ===== PAGE 11 ===== ## Domesticating Persimmon Latter half of the 19th century: Logan Martin (Borden, IN), James A. Little (Cartersburg, IN), Samuel Miller (Bluffton, MO), F. O. Harrington (York Center, IA), and James Troop (Purdue University) More recently: J. C. McDaniel (Univ. of Illinois), James Claypool, Jerry Lehman, and Don Compton ===== PAGE 12 =====
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* Females observed to sport male flowers ** Males observed to sport female flowers (from J. Raymond) ===== PAGE 13 =====
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F-2 O VALENE BEAUTY Dollswood D-128 Morris Burton NC-10 ===== PAGE 14 ===== ## Processing Fruit of most varieties contain black flecks in the pulp, which are not attractive in the processed product. ‘Meader,’ ‘Killen,’ and ‘Morris Burton’ are varieties that contain few or no black specks.
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'Morris Burton'
===== PAGE 15 ===== ## Promising Persimmon Cultivars Early Golden' (Alton IL, 1880) ‘Yates’ (Southern Indiana, 1983) 'John Rick' (Seedling of Killen, 1958) ‘Morris Burton’ (Indiana, 1957) Others: NC-10 (Campbell), Elmo, Dollywood (other Claypool selections?) JOHN RICK PERS.
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K. Pompe ===== PAGE 16 ===== ## Challenges for Persimmon Little information on cultivar performance Yield trials Limited science based cultural recommendations Fertilization, training, etc. Harvest and Processing issues ===== PAGE 17 ===== ## The North American Pawpaw Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. Slow growing, moderate sized tree; pyramidal in full sun Fruit: Clusters of 1-13 fruit Fruit up to 2 lbs.
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===== PAGE 18 ===== ## Native Range (Asimina triloba)
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http://plants.usda.gov ===== PAGE 19 ===== ## Pawpaw Flowering and Harvest Flowers: monoecious Cross-pollinate (self-fruitful?) Pollinated by flies and beetles Ripe fruit-soft Color change not a reliable indicator of ripeness Harvest from the same tree over several weeks
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===== PAGE 20 ===== ## Pawpaw Pests and Diseases Leaf and fruit spot (Phyllosticta) Japanese beetles Leaf rollers Zebra swallowtail butterfly-not necessarily a pest Talponia plummeriana - pawpaw peduncle borer
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===== PAGE 21 ===== ## The Pawpaw Fruit Tropical-like flavor and aroma banana, mango, and pineapple Nutritious and high in antioxidant activity blended fruit drinks, ice creams, yogurt, etc.
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Zimmerman S. Jones ===== PAGE 22 ===== ## The Potential of Pawpaw Fresh market-unique flavor Appearance-not unappealing Post harvest handling issues Bruising Short shelf-life of about 7 days at room temp Storage for 2-3 wks under refrigeration
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Shanghai
K. Pomper
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Overleese ===== PAGE 23 ===== ## The Potential of Pawpaw ## Processing pulp Hand processing Labor intensive
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## HorTechnology ## Ziplog 913103 10-35 In this Issue International Pawpaw Confidence Proceedings 8/26/03 Taytwo ===== PAGE 24 ===== ## Pawpaw Market Potential Farmers Markets Fruit: $1 each $2 to 3/pound Gourmet Market Frozen pulp Ice cream Restaurants < div style = "text-align: center;" > < img src = "imgs/imginimagebox129771232262139.jpg" alt = "Image" width = "58%" / > < /div > Kentucky Pawpaw100/each Kentucky Pawpaw $2.00/each ===== PAGE 25 ===== ## Domesticating Pawpaw In 1916, best pawpaw contest sponsored by the American Genetics Association “intelligent breeding” would result in commercial quality varieties and an industry would begin (Popenoe 1916, 1917). An industry did not develop One reason for the failure of pawpaw to become popular could be rapid perishability of fruit ===== PAGE 26 ===== ## New Interest in Pawpaw From 1950 and 1985, interest grew nurtured by individuals in the Northern Nut Growers Association The PawPaw Foundation was founded in 1988, by R. Neal Peterson Ohio Pawpaw Festival (1999-present), Ohio Pawpaw Growers Association (2000), and Appalachian Pawpaw Growers Association (2008) ===== PAGE 27 ===== ## The Kentucky State University Pawpaw Research Program Program Leaders: Brett Callaway (1990-1993) Desmond Layne (1994-1997) Kirk Pomper (1998-Present) USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Pawpaw; satellite of Corvallis, OR (1994) 2000 accessions from 17 different States; over 45 cultivars
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===== PAGE 28 ===== ## PawPaw Foundation Collections Neal Peterson and Harry Swartz germplasm collection (1981) Screening of about 1500 accessions at the University of Maryland Open pollinated seedlings from collections of Buckman, Zimmerman, Hershey, Allard, the Blandy Experimental Farm, Ray Schlaanstine, and some modern cultivars Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial initiated in 1994 by R. Neal Peterson and Desmond Layne 10 cultivars and 18 PPF advanced selections
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===== PAGE 29 ===== ## Pawpaw Regional Variety Trials (1995-2000)
StateCooperatorInstitutionLocation
IndianaBruce BordelonPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette
IowaPatrick O'Malley and Tom WahlIowa State UniversityCrawfordsville, Iowa
KentuckyKirk PomperKentucky State UniversityFrankfort, Ky.
KentuckyJoseph MasabniUniv. of KentuckyPrinceton, Ky.
LouisianaCharlie JohnsonLouisiana State UniversityBaton Rouge, La.
MichiganDennis FulbrightMichigan State UniversityJackson, Mich.
NebraskaStan Matzke/Bill GustafsonUniv. of NebraskaLincoln, Nebr.
New YorkIan MerwinCornell UniversityIthaca, N.Y.
North CarolinaMike ParkerN.C. State UniversityRaleigh, N.C.
OhioBrad BergefurdOhio State UniversityPiketon, Ohio
OregonKim HummerUSDA-NCGRCorvallis, Ore.
South CarolinaGreg ReighardClemson UniversityClemson, S.C.
===== PAGE 30 ===== RVT Fruit Production on Mature Trees 2004-2006 in Frankfort, KY
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CloneAverage fruit weight (g)Average number of fruit per tree
Potomac235 a44 ghi
5-5188 b39 hi
Wabash185 b65 fg
Susquehanna184 b39 i
NC-1179 bc44 ghi
Overleese170 bcd54 fghi
8-20170 bcd59 fghi
1-68167 bcd90 cde
2-10160 cde52 fghi
Shenandoah156 def78 def
Sunflower155 def74 def
9-58146 efg79 def
10-35145 efg105 abc
===== PAGE 31 ===== RVT Fruit Production on Mature Trees 2004-2006 in Frankfort, KY
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PA-Golden
CloneAverage fruit weight (g)Average number of fruit per tree
3-11137 efgh68 ef
7-90135 fghi74 def
1-23126 ghij90 cde
11-13124 hij75 def
Taytwo121 hijk73 def
2-54121 hijk73 def
3-21115 ijkl60 fghi
Mitchell112 jkl58 fghi
PA-Golden108 jklm118 ab
Taylor106 jklm68 efg
Wells104 klm64 fgh
9-47100 lm74 def
Rappahannock
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Middletown
===== PAGE 32 ===== ## Challenges for Pawpaw Can yields and quality be improved: Training systems and rootstocks (KSU) Fruit thinning (KSU) Nutrient management Harvest, post-harvest, and processing issues New cultivars (firmer fruit) Market development Education How large is the market? ===== PAGE 33 ===== ## Questions?
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