[ { "page": 1, "items": [ { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 204.24, "t": 676.56, "r": 487.92, "b": 663.84 }, "text": "Kentucky State University Cooperative Extension Connections", "reading_order": 0 }, { "page": 1, "type": "FIGURE", "location": { "l": 0, "t": 659.76, "r": 256.08, "b": 494.4 }, "text": "", "reading_order": 1 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 24, "t": 469.44, "r": 240.48, "b": 451.2 }, "text": "Common Planting Questions", "reading_order": 2, "level": 2 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 29.76, "t": 444.72, "r": 148.32, "b": 429.84 }, "text": "What is a pawpaw?", "reading_order": 3, "level": 2 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 34.32, "t": 425.04, "r": 269.76, "b": 379.92 }, "text": "The pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a native tree fruit commonly found in the forest understory in the eastern U.S.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L1", "level": 0, "reading_order": 4 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 33.6, "t": 376.32, "r": 257.52, "b": 362.64 }, "text": "Trees grow well in USDA Hardiness Zones 5–8.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L1", "level": 0, "reading_order": 5 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 33.36, "t": 359.28, "r": 284.16, "b": 313.92 }, "text": "The ripe fruit has yellow to orange flesh with a tropical flavor often described as a blend of banana, mango, and pineapple.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L1", "level": 0, "reading_order": 6 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 30, "t": 307.2, "r": 248.88, "b": 292.08 }, "text": "Where should I plant pawpaw trees?", "reading_order": 7, "level": 2 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 33.12, "t": 287.04, "r": 255.84, "b": 257.76 }, "text": "Pawpaw trees grow best in slightly acidic soils (pH 5.5–7.0).", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L2", "level": 0, "reading_order": 8 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 33.12, "t": 254.88, "r": 264.48, "b": 208.32 }, "text": "They prefer moist, well-drained sites but should not be planted in areas that remain flooded for long periods. Avoid heavy clay soils.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L2", "level": 0, "reading_order": 9 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 30, "t": 201.84, "r": 267.36, "b": 186.24 }, "text": "Should I plant grafted or seedling trees?", "reading_order": 10, "level": 2 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.52, "t": 180.96, "r": 278.88, "b": 133.68 }, "text": "Seedling trees are less expensive but have unknown fruit quality and may take 5–7 years to flower and fruit due to juvenility.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L3", "level": 0, "reading_order": 11 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 28.8, "t": 128.88, "r": 277.44, "b": 98.4 }, "text": "Grafted trees cost more but produce fruit of known quality and often begin bearing in 3–4 years.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L3", "level": 0, "reading_order": 12 }, { "page": 1, "type": "FIGURE", "location": { "l": 299.04, "t": 633.6, "r": 554.4, "b": 502.32 }, "text": "", "reading_order": 13 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 300.96, "t": 626.64, "r": 549.84, "b": 601.68 }, "text": "Planting Pawpaw Trees", "reading_order": 14 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 341.52, "t": 576.72, "r": 508.8, "b": 566.16 }, "text": "Kirk Pomper, Ph.D., Professor of Horticulture", "reading_order": 15 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 352.56, "t": 567.6, "r": 498.24, "b": 556.56 }, "text": "Kirk.pomper@kysu.edu, 502-597-5942", "reading_order": 16 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 300.48, "t": 557.28, "r": 549.12, "b": 545.76 }, "text": "Sheri Crabtree, M.Sc., Horticulture Research and Extension Associate", "reading_order": 17 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 348.48, "t": 546, "r": 501.6, "b": 533.76 }, "text": "Sheri.crabtree@kysu.edu, 502-597-6375", "reading_order": 18 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 303.12, "t": 456.72, "r": 576.96, "b": 441.6 }, "text": "Should I plant more than one tree to get fruit?", "reading_order": 19, "level": 2 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 301.2, "t": 436.32, "r": 547.2, "b": 410.4 }, "text": "Yes. Pawpaws are generally self-incompatible and require cross-pollination.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L4", "level": 0, "reading_order": 20 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 300.96, "t": 406.08, "r": 558.48, "b": 366.96 }, "text": "Plant at least two genetically different trees. Two grafted trees of the same cultivar will not effectively cross-pollinate.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L4", "level": 0, "reading_order": 21 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 303.12, "t": 353.04, "r": 576.72, "b": 338.16 }, "text": "When is the best time to plant pawpaw trees?", "reading_order": 22, "level": 2 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 301.2, "t": 335.04, "r": 572.16, "b": 309.12 }, "text": "Dormant trees can be planted in spring (March–April in Kentucky) or fall (early November).", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L5", "level": 0, "reading_order": 23 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 301.44, "t": 306.72, "r": 593.04, "b": 279.84 }, "text": "Trees with leaves should be planted after the last frost date, typically in May.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L5", "level": 0, "reading_order": 24 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 306.72, "t": 263.04, "r": 550.8, "b": 248.16 }, "text": "Can pawpaw trees be planted in full sun?", "reading_order": 25, "level": 2 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 306.48, "t": 245.28, "r": 564.96, "b": 232.08 }, "text": "Young trees establish best in light to moderate shade.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L6", "level": 0, "reading_order": 26 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 306.96, "t": 228.48, "r": 570.48, "b": 200.16 }, "text": "Mature trees produce the most fruit in full sun. Heavily shaded trees will produce few fruit.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L6", "level": 0, "reading_order": 27 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 306.48, "t": 179.52, "r": 547.44, "b": 165.12 }, "text": "Should I use a tree shelter or grow tube?", "reading_order": 28, "level": 3 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 306.96, "t": 161.52, "r": 519.36, "b": 148.8 }, "text": "Yes, especially for trees less than 2 feet tall.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L7", "level": 0, "reading_order": 29 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 306.96, "t": 144.48, "r": 582.48, "b": 101.28 }, "text": "Tree shelters provide shade, reduce wind stress, conserve moisture, and protect trees from animals and herbicides (Fig. 1).", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L7", "level": 0, "reading_order": 30 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 306.48, "t": 97.44, "r": 595.44, "b": 83.28 }, "text": "They can significantly improve survival during establishment.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L7", "level": 0, "reading_order": 31 } ] }, { "page": 2, "items": [ { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 29.28, "t": 775.2, "r": 235.68, "b": 759.84 }, "text": "On planting day, what should I do?", "reading_order": 0 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.52, "t": 756.72, "r": 233.52, "b": 743.52 }, "text": "Remove perennial weeds before planting.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L8", "level": 0, "reading_order": 1 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.76, "t": 739.68, "r": 247.92, "b": 711.12 }, "text": "Dig a hole deep enough to accommodate the taproot, usually about 1 foot deep.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L8", "level": 0, "reading_order": 2 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 30.24, "t": 707.04, "r": 274.56, "b": 663.12 }, "text": "Avoid planting in excessively wet or dry soil. Fill the hole carefully, eliminate air pockets, and water thoroughly after planting.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L8", "level": 0, "reading_order": 3 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 30.24, "t": 659.28, "r": 273.84, "b": 630.24 }, "text": "Space trees at least 8 feet apart and rows about 20 feet apart in orchards.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L8", "level": 0, "reading_order": 4 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 30.72, "t": 600.96, "r": 184.08, "b": 586.32 }, "text": "Should I fertilize my tree?", "reading_order": 5, "level": 2 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 30, "t": 583.2, "r": 272.16, "b": 554.64 }, "text": "Yes. Apply a water-soluble fertilizer through\nfertigation at 500 ppm once in May, June, and July.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L9", "level": 0, "reading_order": 6 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 30.24, "t": 551.52, "r": 275.76, "b": 507.36 }, "text": "Alternatively, apply urea, Nature Safe\\circledR, or 10-10-10 at 1 oz of actual nitrogen per tree annually during establishment.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L9", "level": 0, "reading_order": 7 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 30, "t": 503.76, "r": 254.16, "b": 474.24 }, "text": "Apply 3–4 oz of actual nitrogen per tree in late winter after the 2nd year as tree matures.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L9", "level": 0, "reading_order": 8 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 29.52, "t": 450, "r": 254.16, "b": 435.36 }, "text": "Can I transplant trees or root suckers?", "reading_order": 9, "level": 2 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 30, "t": 432.24, "r": 273.6, "b": 404.16 }, "text": "Transplanting pawpaws can be difficult because of their deep taproot.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L10", "level": 0, "reading_order": 10 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 30, "t": 400.08, "r": 278.64, "b": 371.76 }, "text": "Dig as much of the root system as possible and keep the root ball intact.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L10", "level": 0, "reading_order": 11 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 30.48, "t": 367.68, "r": 279.84, "b": 308.4 }, "text": "Root suckers often lack sufficient roots to survive on their own, but success may improve if they are partially separated from the mother tree several weeks before transplanting.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L10", "level": 0, "reading_order": 12 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 29.04, "t": 283.68, "r": 201.6, "b": 269.28 }, "text": "Do I need to water my trees?", "reading_order": 13, "level": 3 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.28, "t": 264.24, "r": 227.28, "b": 250.8 }, "text": "Water trees immediately after planting.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L11", "level": 0, "reading_order": 14 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.76, "t": 247.2, "r": 273.6, "b": 205.92 }, "text": "Young trees are sensitive to drought and should receive about 1 inch of water per week during the growing season.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L11", "level": 0, "reading_order": 15 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.28, "t": 202.56, "r": 218.16, "b": 189.12 }, "text": "Drip irrigation works well in orchards.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L11", "level": 0, "reading_order": 16 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 29.04, "t": 166.56, "r": 280.56, "b": 152.4 }, "text": "How can I control weeds around my trees?", "reading_order": 17, "level": 3 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.28, "t": 146.88, "r": 248.4, "b": 134.16 }, "text": "Weed control is critical during establishment.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L12", "level": 0, "reading_order": 18 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.76, "t": 129.84, "r": 256.08, "b": 103.2 }, "text": "Use wood-chip mulch or weed-barrier fabric to suppress weeds and grass around trees.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L12", "level": 0, "reading_order": 19 }, { "page": 2, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.76, "t": 99.6, "r": 258.48, "b": 58.08 }, "text": "Glyphosate may also be used according to label directions, but avoid contact with tree bark, stems, root suckers, and leaves.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L12", "level": 0, "reading_order": 20 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 16.8, "t": 48.96, "r": 282.48, "b": 35.28 }, "text": "Kentucky State University is an equal opportunity provider.", "reading_order": 21 }, { "page": 2, "type": "FIGURE", "location": { "l": 319.68, "t": 788.88, "r": 557.76, "b": 536.16 }, "text": "", "reading_order": 22 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 306, "t": 522.48, "r": 574.56, "b": 485.04 }, "text": "Figure 1. Example of a grow tube or tree shelter and mulch\nAcknowledgments", "reading_order": 23 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 305.28, "t": 471.36, "r": 588.72, "b": 431.04 }, "text": "We acknowledge funding to support this work from USDA Evans-Allen Project # 7004384, USDA 1890 Cooperative Extension, and 1890 Centers of Excellence CSFRPRES.", "reading_order": 24 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 306, "t": 421.44, "r": 354, "b": 408.48 }, "text": "Sources", "reading_order": 25, "level": 3 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 305.76, "t": 394.08, "r": 558.48, "b": 364.08 }, "text": "Layne DR. 1996. The pawpaw, Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal: A new fruit crop for Kentucky and the United States. HortScience. 31:777–784. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.31.5.777", "reading_order": 26 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 306, "t": 351.36, "r": 583.2, "b": 321.12 }, "text": "Pomper KW, Layne DR. 2004. The North American pawpaw: Botany and horticulture. In: Janick J, editor. Horticultural Reviews. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ. p. 349–382. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470650882.ch7", "reading_order": 27 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 305.52, "t": 308.64, "r": 577.2, "b": 278.64 }, "text": "Pomper KW, Crabtree SB, Layne DR., Peterson RN., Masabni J., Wolfe D. 2008. The Kentucky pawpaw regional variety trial. J. Amer. Pom. Sci. 62:58-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.71318/apom.2008.62.2.58", "reading_order": 28 }, { "page": 2, "type": "FIGURE", "location": { "l": 341.04, "t": 267.6, "r": 516, "b": 55.68 }, "text": "", "reading_order": 29 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 346.8, "t": 48.96, "r": 487.44, "b": 36.96 }, "text": "KYSU-CEP-FACT-ANR-2026-008", "reading_order": 30 } ] } ]