“Psychological response to unwanted or disturbing sounds, encompassing cognitive, emotional, and behavioral reactions.”

Globally, road traffic noise is the primary source of noise annoyance, while neighborhood noise is another substantial but understudied contributor.

ISO standards provide a framework for assessing noise annoyance through population surveys, utilizing the percentage of highly annoyed metric.

Acoustic characteristics of noise exposure, such as intensity, frequency, complexity, and duration, do not solely determine noise annoyance reactions.

Influenced by personal, social, and situational factors, encompassing age, sex, health status, noise sensitivity, attitude toward noise, socioeconomic status, public perception, perceived stress, and coping abilities." (Münzel, et al., 2020)