[ { "page": 1, "items": [ { "page": 1, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 11.76, "t": 761.28, "r": 604.8, "b": 697.2 }, "text": "COOPERATIVE EXTENSION\nENTUCKY STATE UNIVERSITY\nKSU EXTENSION CONNECTIONS\nFACT SHEET", "reading_order": 0, "level": 1 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 76.32, "t": 676.56, "r": 528.72, "b": 662.88 }, "text": "Information about the Kentucky State University Cooperative Extension Program", "reading_order": 1 }, { "page": 1, "type": "FIGURE", "location": { "l": 0.24, "t": 661.92, "r": 230.64, "b": 493.92 }, "text": "", "reading_order": 2 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 347.04, "t": 642, "r": 519.84, "b": 610.56 }, "text": "Upland Cress", "reading_order": 3 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 291.36, "t": 571.92, "r": 575.52, "b": 512.64 }, "text": "Ashinyo Sebastian Philip, Undergraduate Research Assistant\nAdekunle O. Adeyeye, Graduate Research Assistant\nRichard Kabanda, Editor, Graduate Research Assistant\nCora Teets, Research & Extension Associate\nTheoneste Nzaramyimana, PhD, Assistant Professor for Urban Agriculture", "reading_order": 4 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 0.48, "t": 502.08, "r": 59.76, "b": 493.92 }, "text": "Source:www.edenbro", "reading_order": 5 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 68.16, "t": 482.16, "r": 227.52, "b": 468 }, "text": "Introduction & Background", "reading_order": 6, "level": 2 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 19.44, "t": 454.56, "r": 203.04, "b": 442.32 }, "text": "Scientific Name: Barbarea verna", "reading_order": 7 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 19.44, "t": 441.12, "r": 267.36, "b": 416.16 }, "text": "Common Name: Upland Cress, Land Cress or American Cress", "reading_order": 8 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 19.68, "t": 414.96, "r": 228.24, "b": 402 }, "text": "Family: Brassicaceae (Mustard family)", "reading_order": 9 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 19.44, "t": 401.28, "r": 281.76, "b": 375.12 }, "text": "Synonyms: Barbarea praecox, Barbarea arcuata, Rorippa verna.", "reading_order": 10 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.04, "t": 366.24, "r": 296.4, "b": 341.28 }, "text": "A nutrient-rich leafy green with a bold, peppery taste.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L1", "level": 0, "reading_order": 11 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.04, "t": 339.36, "r": 294.24, "b": 314.64 }, "text": "Historically consumed in Europe, it was introduced to North America by early settlers.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L1", "level": 0, "reading_order": 12 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.52, "t": 312.96, "r": 256.56, "b": 288.24 }, "text": "A staple leafy vegetable in various culinary traditions.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L1", "level": 0, "reading_order": 13 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.52, "t": 287.04, "r": 291.12, "b": 261.36 }, "text": "Unlike watercress, upland cress is grown in soil rather than aquatic environments.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L1", "level": 0, "reading_order": 14 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.28, "t": 260.16, "r": 297.84, "b": 234.96 }, "text": "Thrives in cool climates and is commonly cultivated in home gardens and commercial farms.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L1", "level": 0, "reading_order": 15 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.28, "t": 233.76, "r": 257.76, "b": 221.04 }, "text": "Well-suited for traditional farming methods.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L1", "level": 0, "reading_order": 16 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 29.76, "t": 220.56, "r": 299.52, "b": 195.12 }, "text": "High in essential vitamins and minerals, making it a super food.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L1", "level": 0, "reading_order": 17 }, { "page": 1, "type": "FIGURE", "location": { "l": 60, "t": 185.76, "r": 256.56, "b": 21.36 }, "text": "", "reading_order": 18 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 79.92, "t": 14.88, "r": 233.76, "b": 4.32 }, "text": "Image Source: https://www.vecteezy.com/", "reading_order": 19 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 341.04, "t": 479.76, "r": 532.32, "b": 465.6 }, "text": "Germination & Growing Methods", "reading_order": 20, "level": 2 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 324, "t": 454.08, "r": 561.84, "b": 394.08 }, "text": "Germination: Seeds typically sprout within 5 to 10 days under optimal conditions, with a preferred temperature range of 10-22°C (50-72°F).", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L2", "level": 0, "reading_order": 21 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 324, "t": 392.16, "r": 562.56, "b": 347.76 }, "text": "Growing Conditions: Prefers rich, moist, well-drained soil with partial to full sunlight. A soil pH of 6.0-7.0 is ideal.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L2", "level": 0, "reading_order": 22 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 323.76, "t": 345.6, "r": 568.8, "b": 286.56 }, "text": "Propagation Methods: Commonly grown from seeds, upland cress can be directly sown into the soil or started indoors for early planting.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L2", "level": 0, "reading_order": 23 }, { "page": 1, "type": "LIST_ITEM", "location": { "l": 324, "t": 284.4, "r": 565.68, "b": 239.28 }, "text": "Harvesting: Ready to harvest 4 to 6 weeks after planting. Regular harvesting encourages new growth and prevents bolting.", "marker": "•", "list_id": "L2", "level": 0, "reading_order": 24 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 357.6, "t": 224.64, "r": 538.8, "b": 210.48 }, "text": "Advantages for Urban Growers", "reading_order": 25, "level": 2 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 345.36, "t": 199.44, "r": 447.36, "b": 186.96 }, "text": "Minimal land use", "reading_order": 26 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 345.84, "t": 186, "r": 487.68, "b": 173.28 }, "text": "➢ Faster growth than in soil", "reading_order": 27 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 345.6, "t": 172.56, "r": 474.72, "b": 160.56 }, "text": "Year-round production", "reading_order": 28 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 346.08, "t": 159.12, "r": 519.6, "b": 147.12 }, "text": "Reduced pest/disease pressure", "reading_order": 29 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 345.6, "t": 146.4, "r": 557.76, "b": 132.96 }, "text": "➢ Higher water and nutrient use efficiency", "reading_order": 30 }, { "page": 1, "type": "FIGURE", "location": { "l": 387.84, "t": 119.76, "r": 535.2, "b": 22.08 }, "text": "", "reading_order": 31 }, { "page": 1, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 380.4, "t": 15.84, "r": 531.36, "b": 6.24 }, "text": "Image Source: www.thenuthouseusa.com", "reading_order": 32 } ] }, { "page": 2, "items": [ { "page": 2, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 29.76, "t": 762.24, "r": 269.28, "b": 748.08 }, "text": "Ideal Hydroponic Systems for Production", "reading_order": 0, "level": 2 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 36.24, "t": 738.72, "r": 211.44, "b": 726 }, "text": "✓ Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)", "reading_order": 1, "level": 2 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 36.96, "t": 724.8, "r": 275.52, "b": 687.12 }, "text": "A thin stream of nutrient solutions flows along channels. It can be deal for small leafy greens like cress.", "reading_order": 2 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 36.96, "t": 685.44, "r": 192.96, "b": 673.2 }, "text": "✓ Deep Water Culture (DWC)", "reading_order": 3, "level": 2 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 36.96, "t": 672.48, "r": 287.76, "b": 633.36 }, "text": "Plants float on nutrient-rich water with air stones providing oxygen. It is easy to maintain and productive.", "reading_order": 4 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 36.96, "t": 632.64, "r": 208.56, "b": 620.4 }, "text": "Ebb and Flow (Flood & Drain)", "reading_order": 5 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 36.72, "t": 619.92, "r": 283.2, "b": 581.04 }, "text": "Growing bed periodically flooded with nutrients. This is suitable for home or community garden settings.", "reading_order": 6 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 36.96, "t": 579.84, "r": 213.6, "b": 568.08 }, "text": "Vertical Towers or Aeroponics", "reading_order": 7 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 36.96, "t": 566.88, "r": 289.92, "b": 540 }, "text": "Use less space while producing high yields. This is great for space-limited urban farms.", "reading_order": 8 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 118.8, "t": 516, "r": 209.52, "b": 502.8 }, "text": "Health Benefits", "reading_order": 9, "level": 2 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 34.08, "t": 494.4, "r": 283.44, "b": 454.32 }, "text": "Supports Bone Health: High vitamin K content helps improve bone density and calcium absorption.", "reading_order": 10 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 35.76, "t": 450.72, "r": 277.68, "b": 420 }, "text": "Boosts Immunity: Vitamin C strengthens the immune system and helps prevent infections.", "reading_order": 11 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 35.28, "t": 416.64, "r": 289.92, "b": 390 }, "text": "Aids in Digestion: High fiber and water content support healthy digestion.", "reading_order": 12 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 35.28, "t": 387.12, "r": 282, "b": 360 }, "text": "Promotes Heart Health: Helps regulate blood pressure due to its potassium content.", "reading_order": 13 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 34.32, "t": 357.12, "r": 290.16, "b": 315.6 }, "text": "May Reduce Cancer Risk: Contains glucosinolates, which have been linked to cancer prevention.", "reading_order": 14 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 34.56, "t": 312.96, "r": 290.88, "b": 270.48 }, "text": "May Encourage Weight Loss: It's rich nutrient profile and low levels of sodium, cholesterol, and fat make it a healthy addition to any diet.", "reading_order": 15 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 20.16, "t": 175.68, "r": 88.8, "b": 163.2 }, "text": "References", "reading_order": 16, "level": 2 }, { "page": 2, "type": "FIGURE", "location": { "l": 376.32, "t": 776.4, "r": 545.52, "b": 591.36 }, "text": "", "reading_order": 17 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 343.44, "t": 589.68, "r": 589.68, "b": 569.76 }, "text": "Image Source: Upland Cress Production by Urban Ag Members, Richard, Cora, and Dr. Adeyeye at the Ohio State University in 2025.", "reading_order": 18 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TITLE", "location": { "l": 392.16, "t": 551.28, "r": 505.92, "b": 538.32 }, "text": "Nutritional Benefits", "reading_order": 19, "level": 2 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 330.48, "t": 526.8, "r": 570.24, "b": 501.6 }, "text": "Vitamins: High levels of vitamin K, vitamin C, and folate.", "reading_order": 20 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 330.48, "t": 499.92, "r": 581.04, "b": 474.96 }, "text": "Minerals: Excellent source of calcium, iron, and potassium.", "reading_order": 21 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 330.24, "t": 473.52, "r": 571.2, "b": 448.08 }, "text": "Antioxidants: Contains beta-carotene, lutein, and flavonoids that promote overall health.", "reading_order": 22 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 330.48, "t": 447.12, "r": 588.24, "b": 408 }, "text": "Low in Calories: Provides only about 15 calories per 100 grams, making it a great addition to a healthy and balanced diet.", "reading_order": 23 }, { "page": 2, "type": "FIGURE", "location": { "l": 345.84, "t": 382.08, "r": 445.2, "b": 237.84 }, "text": "", "reading_order": 24 }, { "page": 2, "type": "FIGURE", "location": { "l": 466.08, "t": 394.32, "r": 583.44, "b": 223.44 }, "text": "", "reading_order": 25 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 393.36, "t": 217.2, "r": 523.92, "b": 206.88 }, "text": "Image Source: www.epicurious.com", "reading_order": 26 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 18.96, "t": 161.52, "r": 536.16, "b": 140.88 }, "text": "Björkman, T., & Fellows, J. R. (2004). Cress production. Cornell University Cooperative Extension. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/3299", "reading_order": 27 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 19.2, "t": 139.44, "r": 369.12, "b": 128.16 }, "text": "Díaz, A., Lira, R., & Ochatt, S. J. (2015). Biology and breeding of crucifers. CRC Press.", "reading_order": 28 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 18.72, "t": 128.16, "r": 568.56, "b": 107.52 }, "text": "Dufault, R. J., & Ward, B. (2000). Vegetable crop production guide. Clemson University Cooperative Extension. https://www.clemson.edu/extension/", "reading_order": 29 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 18, "t": 105.84, "r": 567.12, "b": 85.2 }, "text": "Resh, H. M. (2022). Hydroponic food production: A definitive guidebook for the advanced home gardener and the commercial hydroponic grower (8th ed.). CRC Press.", "links": [ { "uri": "https://www.usda.gov/", "dest": null, "action_type": "/URI", "bbox": [ 275.073, 90.1518, 561.191, 105.632 ] } ], "reading_order": 30 }, { "page": 2, "type": "TEXT", "location": { "l": 18.48, "t": 83.76, "r": 567.84, "b": 62.88 }, "text": "Rouphael, Y., & Colla, G. (2020). Editorial: Nutritional quality and health benefits of vegetables. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 52. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00052", "reading_order": 31 } ] } ]