===== PAGE 1 =====
## Dark Clouds: Understanding Iowa's Water Use and Data Centers

DUBUQUE COUNTY

NICC-Peosta- August 12, 2026

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_0_1080_3998_2238.jpg" alt="Image" width="99%" /></div>


Michael K. Anderson, P.E.

Iowa Water Use Program – IA DNR

▲ ▲ ▲ ▲

===== PAGE 2 =====
## Iowa's Water Use Program

State (∃not federal) program.

Enacted in 1957 via Iowa Legislation.

In water rights law, Iowa is considered a hybrid between “Riparian” (Eastern U.S.) and Prior Appropriation (Western U.S.) law.

- All waters in Iowa are “public waters and public wealth” of its citizens.

Use a permit system for anyone using

>25,000 gallons of water per day, any single

day of the year.

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_2033_591_4000_1847.jpg" alt="Image" width="49%" /></div>


Cartography by Aaron Mittelstet

===== PAGE 3 =====
## Iowa's Water Use Program

Anyone diverting/withdrawing over 25,000 gallons per day any single day of they year submits an application to the program for review. The program checks the following:

How much water will be withdrawn (annual and 'instantaneous' rates).

Where the water will be withdrawn.

Where and how the water will be used (" Beneficial use of the water to fullest extent possible.)

## The Water Use Program reviews

The beneficial use of the water.

The effect of withdrawals on the flow of the river.

The effect of withdrawals on prior water users.

Permit is issued if the conditions listed above are met.

===== PAGE 4 =====
## Iowa's Water Use Program

• Water use permits can be completed before, after, or during a well construction (though we prefer they are completed  before construction)

• Water use permit applications are typically reviewed within 90 days after a complete permit is received (pump test, groundwater model, test logs, etc.)

• 20 days is for public notice/newspaper/public reaction

• **public notice is now online only, not in the local newspaper!!!

• End result is the draft permit with an associated summary analysis, then the final permit

Permits are typically good for 10 years (5-Years for Jordan aquifer)

• There is an annual “Stakeholder Meeting”, held in July of each year, for anyone interested in water use in lowa where the program details what occurred in the previous state fiscal year.

===== PAGE 5 =====
## Data Centers

===== PAGE 6 =====
## Data Centers by State

===== PAGE 7 =====
<div style="text-align: center;">www.datacentermap.com Macomb</div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_0_15_3234_2052.jpg" alt="Image" width="80%" /></div>



<table border=1 style='margin: auto; word-wrap: break-word;'><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>• 101 currently (according to datacentermap.com)</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>• Meta (Altoona, Davenport)</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>• Microsoft (WDM)</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>• Google (Council Bluffs)</td></tr></table>

===== PAGE 8 =====
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_0_0_3995_2250.jpg" alt="Image" width="99%" /></div>


===== PAGE 9 =====
## Data Center Cooling

• Until recently, air cooling was the primary cooling mechanism.

• Today, cooling is typically done through a combination of air cooling and liquid cooling systems.

Evaporative cooling systems or direct water-cooled systems:

• Liquid Cooling: Water absorbs heat directly from the servers before being pumped out and cooled down (uses less water).

• Evaporative Cooling: Water is sprayed over cooling pads or used in cooling towers to dissipate heat. As water evaporates, it cools the air or liquid circulating around the servers (uses lots of water – around 80% of the water it takes in).

===== PAGE 10 =====
## Differences in Cooling Methods

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_3_475_3911_2128.jpg" alt="Image" width="97%" /></div>


Air Cooled

<div style="text-align: center;">Liquid Cooled</div>


Liquid-Cooled IT Equipment Rack

===== PAGE 11 =====
## Unconventional cooling

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_733_552_1106_980.jpg" alt="Image" width="9%" /></div>


~~~~~

Evaporative cooling

Air is funneled across web pads or filters; excess heat dissipates in the water; cooler air goes back into the data center.

EXAMPLE

DigiPlex and Green House

Data are among the

companies dealing with

data center heat via

evaporative cooling.

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_1446_549_1826_981.jpg" alt="Image" width="9%" /></div>


~~~~~

Rear-door water cooling units

Water runs through tubes attached to the rear door of a server rack, removing heat.

EXAMPLE

IBM and energy management specialist

Schneider Electric are experimenting with self-contained rear-door water cooling units.

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_2170_546_2547_975.jpg" alt="Image" width="9%" /></div>


~~~~~

Waterborne data center

Data center is built on a barge and is cooled from recirculated water from an ocean or other body of water.

## EXAMPLE

Nautilus Data Technologies is working on water-cooled data centers built on vessels, as well as land-based centers constructed near bodies of water.

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_3009_598_3183_686.jpg" alt="Image" width="4%" /></div>


回

## Immersion cooling via nonconductive fluids

Servers are submerged in nonconductive liquids, using simple chilling or two-phase cooling methods.

EXAMPLE

3M Novec Engineered

Fluids; emerging

nanofluids.

===== PAGE 12 =====
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_chart_box_87_214_3883_1934.jpg" alt="Image" width="94%" /></div>


Annual Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE)

===== PAGE 13 =====
## Sustainability is savings

Example parameters

• $0.11 / kWh US, $0.40 / kWh UK

• HPE Cray XD2000 servers

• 64 servers per rack, 10 racks

• Operating 365 days/year, 75% utilization

• 5 years

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_608_1150_810_1339.jpg" alt="Image" width="5%" /></div>


15% chassis level

energy reduction

at the rack

<div style="text-align: center;">5 Year Energy Use Comparison</div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_3416_274_3807_381.jpg" alt="Image" width="9%" /></div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_chart_box_1440_508_3846_1952.jpg" alt="Image" width="60%" /></div>


===== PAGE 14 =====
## Groundwater Impacts

• Water use for cooling data centers is often not directly reported to the state's water use program.

• Most are connected to a municipal system (as are many large users these days), with NDAs.

• Municipal systems do not report water use within their system to the state (they have their own rights and authorities)

Water withdrawal increases due to data centers can be seen in annual reports of water use.

• Power and water efficiencies are sometimes engineered ‘trade secrets’ or part of the marketing of a server/server format.

• Re-use of water has high potential. However, WUP is currently unaware of any re-use, though it could be happening.

===== PAGE 15 =====
## Data Center Water and Groundwater Impacts

## • Google (Council Bluffs)

• Missouri River and alluvium

## RESIDENTIAL VERSUS COMMERCIAL / INDUSTRIAL CONSUMPTION

• Noted as the highest water use data center in many reports.

• In 2024, Google used 1.4 billion gallons of water (1 billion gallons evaporated)

## TOP TEN CUSTOMERS

2023 Rank

1. Google, Inc. (Council Bluffs)

2. Tyson Foods, Inc.

3. ConAgra Frozen Foods

4. Plumrose USA, Inc.

5. City of Council Bluffs

6. MidAmerican Energy

7. Tetra, LLC

8. Bunge Corporation

9. Iowa Western Community College

10. Regional Water

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_chart_box_1628_593_3933_2139.jpg" alt="Image" width="57%" /></div>


→ Residential → Commercial / Industrial → Total

===== PAGE 16 =====
<div style="text-align: center;">List of Large Water Users December 31, 2024</div>


## Data Center Water and Groundwater Impacts

• Microsoft (West Des Moines –

• Raccoon River Alluvium and Jordan

• Currently nearly three of six planned data centers ‘built out’.

• Use has declined, but was 69 million gallons in 2024.


<table border=1 style='margin: auto; word-wrap: break-word;'><tr><td colspan="15">December 31, 2024</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Company Name</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>January</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>February</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>March</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>April</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>May</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>June</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>July</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>August</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>September</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>October</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>November</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>December</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Total</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Microsoft Corporation</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>880,197</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,199,049</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,086,622</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,071,095</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,213,744</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>5,713,497</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>14,125,039</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>6,113,660</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>20,241,119</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>12,068,662</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>3,118,725</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>745,023</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>68,576,432</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>R &amp; R REALTY GROUP</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,895,403</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,422,222</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,415,474</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>3,748,404</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>3,232,029</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>6,574,222</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>8,951,457</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>11,190,075</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>12,544,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>10,525,611</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,455,944</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,018,454</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>67,973,295</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>General Growth Properties #2</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,417,190</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,745,920</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,838,720</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>3,141,910</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>3,919,860</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>5,598,810</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>7,247,020</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>8,067,590</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>4,825,480</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>3,082,890</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,906,450</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>3,578,590</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>50,370,430</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Prof. Prop. Mgmt.Inc.</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,130,445</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,287,731</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,261,756</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,359,109</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,798,165</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,629,599</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,668,123</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,744,076</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,429,689</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,331,639</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,844,528</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,905,636</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>28,390,496</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Belcher &amp; Long Corp.</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,481,937</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,914,850</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,750,773</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,474,153</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,760,265</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,591,803</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,236,367</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,978,441</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,108,170</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,922,018</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>701,728</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>3,163,339</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>26,083,844</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>City of West Des Moines</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>456,317</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>573,669</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>580,487</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>792,146</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,538,704</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,703,472</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>3,748,691</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>4,125,505</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,994,770</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,367,236</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>600,969</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>516,536</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>21,998,502</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Edward Rose Millennial Devel</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>784,170</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>947,320</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>895,451</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>965,918</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,245,123</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,831,834</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,604,305</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,600,174</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,400,498</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,490,678</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,124,086</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,081,786</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>17,971,343</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>West Des Moines Schools</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>613,323</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>956,558</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>921,832</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>950,671</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,689,673</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,740,504</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,102,481</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,188,994</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,627,830</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,640,528</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,104,645</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>795,367</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>17,332,406</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Broadmoor Development Co.</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,048,707</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,175,321</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,105,288</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,191,701</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,435,868</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,891,286</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,132,966</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,760,196</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,821,176</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,453,045</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,089,203</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,072,320</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>17,177,077</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Wells Fargo Bank 150496</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>411,868</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>892,490</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>786,910</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>900,083</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,561,943</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,784,334</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,072,185</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,605,783</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,114,615</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,478,131</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>816,794</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>727,017</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>16,152,153</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Executive Laser Wash</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>617,359</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2,168,119</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,381,203</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,281,478</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,295,108</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,280,825</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>946,998</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,243,676</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,416,494</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,844,588</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>941,200</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,733,496</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>16,150,544</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>WDM Artisan LLC</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,330,623</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,442,829</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,202,596</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,324,193</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,366,840</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,294,338</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,150,834</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,218,970</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,205,203</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,365,183</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,387,002</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,283,824</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>15,572,435</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Wellington Apartments</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,173,409</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,216,661</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,158,486</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,144,383</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,283,207</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,144,839</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,123,347</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,287,417</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,294,008</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,296,415</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>957,689</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,063,934</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>14,143,795</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>YES Western Village LLC</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,232,770</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,469,410</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,250,670</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,179,470</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,299,050</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,120,520</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,065,850</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,192,910</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,097,690</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,243,340</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>936,940</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,032,860</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>14,121,480</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Pool IV Finance LLC DBA Des</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>860,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>960,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,080,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>970,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,208,064</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,239,180</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,291,110</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,539,480</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,605,860</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,184,162</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>800,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>790,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>13,527,856</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Mercy Medical Center</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>686,800</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>856,800</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>836,492</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>983,391</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,220,863</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,469,924</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,436,007</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,493,518</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,124,739</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,139,273</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>669,063</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>634,340</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>12,551,210</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Tricap Woodland Associates L</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,054,135</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,222,704</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,037,292</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,157,084</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,285,622</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,029,064</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,027,385</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,151,777</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>854,446</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>933,634</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>705,057</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>823,410</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>12,281,610</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Methodist West</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>785,205</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>833,122</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>774,068</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>861,980</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,188,080</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,234,350</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,317,430</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,417,200</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,214,540</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,024,890</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>718,892</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>691,887</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>12,061,644</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Cambridge Court</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>860,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>900,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>870,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>900,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>960,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>960,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,070,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,420,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,040,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>790,100</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>720,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>800,000</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>11,290,100</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>TMG Insurance Services</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>353,101</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>367,350</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>354,034</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>454,782</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>646,538</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,539,058</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,509,291</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,760,958</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,965,946</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1,414,680</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>280,427</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>275,950</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>10,922,115</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>22,072,959</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>26,552,125</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>25,588,154</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>27,851,951</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>34,148,746</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>45,371,459</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>58,826,886</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>57,100,400</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>65,926,273</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>52,596,703</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>23,879,342</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>24,733,769</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>464,648,767</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr></table>

===== PAGE 17 =====
## Data Center Water and Groundwater Impacts

• Meta (Altoona)

• Fully built out.

• Jordan aquifer

- Use is not published, but has a contract with City of Altoona for “up to 1.0 mgd”.

• Typical use is estimated to be ~500,000 gallons per day on average. (~185 mgy)

<div style="text-align: center;">Annual Water Use for the City of Altoona, Iowa</div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_chart_box_1310_632_3989_2008.jpg" alt="Image" width="66%" /></div>


2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

===== PAGE 18 =====
## Data Center Water Use in 2024 - Estimated


<table border=1 style='margin: auto; word-wrap: break-word;'><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Data Center</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Estimated Water Use (bgy)</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Google (Council Bluffs)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1.4</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Meta/Facebook (Altoona)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>0.3</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Microsoft (WDM)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>0.07</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Other Facilities (estimated)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>0.4</td></tr></table>

Total Data Center Water Use in 2024 ~2.2 billion gallons

===== PAGE 19 =====
## All Active Iowa Water Use Permits

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_759_315_3288_1916.jpg" alt="Image" width="63%" /></div>


## All Active Water Use Permits in SFY 2025 [3,369]

Crop Irrigation [1,578] Animal Feeding Operation [150]

Public Water Supply [661] Industrial/Commercial [131]

Quarry Operation [322] Recreational Water [117]

Golf Course [217] Geothermal [115]

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_1679_2049_1730_2095.jpg" alt="Image" width="1%" /></div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_1685_2104_1726_2150.jpg" alt="Image" width="1%" /></div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_1686_2159_1727_2200.jpg" alt="Image" width="1%" /></div>


Animal Feeding Operation [150] ☑ Ethanol Production [32]

Industrial/Commercial [131] ☑ Power Generation [20]

Recreational Water [117] △ Other [25]

Geothermal [115]

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_1686_2215_1730_2250.jpg" alt="Image" width="1%" /></div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_2245_2050_2289_2095.jpg" alt="Image" width="1%" /></div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_2248_2106_2289_2149.jpg" alt="Image" width="1%" /></div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_2250_2160_2291_2200.jpg" alt="Image" width="1%" /></div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_2904_1852_3223_2188.jpg" alt="Image" width="7%" /></div>


===== PAGE 20 =====
<div style="text-align: center;">Water Use in Iowa in Billion Gallons - 2024</div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_chart_box_226_150_3759_2212.jpg" alt="Image" width="88%" /></div>


===== PAGE 21 =====
## Iowa Groundwater

<div style="text-align: center;">Bedrock Aquifer Systems across Iowa West to East</div>


<div style="text-align: center;">W</div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_46_525_2301_2046.jpg" alt="Image" width="56%" /></div>


<div style="text-align: center;">E</div>


<div style="text-align: center;">PW-73 Well Diagram</div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_2164_171_3972_2224.jpg" alt="Image" width="45%" /></div>


<div style="text-align: center;">Jordan Rule Chart</div>



<table border=1 style='margin: auto; word-wrap: break-word;'><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Penford PW-73</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Drill Date</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>11/17/1964</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Well Elevation (ft)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>719</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Total Depth (ft)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>1507</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Casing Depth (ft)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>147; 650</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Base Case Dia. (in)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>12</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Reference</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>BGS (ft) ASL (ft)</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2014 Static (Questionnaire)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>279 440</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>2014 Pumping (Questionnaire)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>unkn. unkn.</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Baseline Level (1978 H&amp;S)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>134 585</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Current Rule (&quot;200&#x27; Static)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>334 385</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Proposed Rule Tier 2 (300&#x27; Pump)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>434 285</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Proposed Rule Tier 3 (400&#x27; Pump)</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>534 185</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Feet Above Current Rule</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>55</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Feet Above Proposed Tier 2</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>unkn.</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Feet Above Proposed Tier 3</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>unkn.</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">BGS = below ground surface ASL = above mean sea level</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">*Well construction, lithologic, stratigraphic, and original water level information from Iowa Geological Survey, W#17180. Recent water level information from Iowa DNR, Water Use program.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2">**Well and water elevation data dependent on accurate location of well.</td></tr></table>

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_chart_box_3050_143_3961_2211.jpg" alt="Image" width="22%" /></div>


===== PAGE 22 =====
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_0_0_3997_2250.jpg" alt="Image" width="99%" /></div>


===== PAGE 23 =====
## Iowa's Major Water Sources

• Surface Water

• Rivers, Streams

• Lakes, Ponds, Quarries

• lowa aquifers, from  bottom to  top:

• Alluvial Aquifer

• Buried Sand and Gravel Aquifer

• Dakota Aquifer

• Mississippiian Aquifer

• Silurian-Devonian Aquifer

• Upper Ordovician Aquifer

• “Jordan” or Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_2560_82_3939_1123.jpg" alt="Image" width="34%" /></div>


“Unconsolidated” aquifers (glaciers and rivers)

Bedrock aquifers (shallow seas)

===== PAGE 24 =====
<div style="text-align: center;">2024 Groundwater Use by Aquifer in Iowa* (~208 billion gallons)</div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_chart_box_613_287_3344_2249.jpg" alt="Image" width="68%" /></div>


===== PAGE 25 =====
<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_0_139_308_233.jpg" alt="Image" width="7%" /></div>


☐ | ⬆️ | ⬆️ | ⬇️ | ⬆️

dp_top_m

landsurface_m

watertable_m

jordan_ih_m

ModelArea

NWConstantBoundaryLine

SEConstantBoundaryLine

JordanKZones

DMAreaHistoricUse

DMAreaFutureZeroUse2

DMAreaHistoricObservationsClean

FuturePumpingNonASR2

FuturePumpingASR2

KPilotPoints

## Model Explorer

<div style="text-align: center;">Search</div>


<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_14_822_766_2237.jpg" alt="Image" width="18%" /></div>


👍 💙

Observations


<table border=1 style='margin: auto; word-wrap: break-word;'><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Conceptual Model 1</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>X</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Numerical Grid-Run</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>X</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>PEST: Numerical Grid-Run</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>X</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Numerical Grid-Run1</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>X</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>PEST: Numerical Grid-Run1</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>X</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Numerical Grid-Run2</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>X</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>3D Viewer</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>X</td></tr><tr><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>Exaggeration</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'>45</td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td><td style='text-align: center; word-wrap: break-word;'></td></tr></table>

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_806_233_1374_278.jpg" alt="Image" width="14%" /></div>


jordan_base_m/Z

landsurface_m/Z

458.42

421.76

385.09

348.43

311.77

275.10

238.44

201.78

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_784_271_3847_2191.jpg" alt="Image" width="76%" /></div>


Object: DMAreaHistoricUse Set As Default Settings

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_image_box_1344_2209_1422_2246.jpg" alt="Image" width="1%" /></div>


===== PAGE 26 =====
## Groundwater Models - West Des Moines Jordan

• Jordan aquifer potentiometric surface observed and predicted through 2050.

<div style="text-align: center;"><img src="imgs/img_in_chart_box_1127_0_3924_2239.jpg" alt="Image" width="69%" /></div>


===== PAGE 27 =====
## Data Center Water and Groundwater Impacts

• Estimate ~2.2 billion gallons per year used in Iowa for cooling data centers.

• Expected to more than double in near future (data centers currently planned in Van Meter, Cedar Rapids, Davenport, Council Bluffs...), as long as we continue to use our phones, laptops, watches, socials, smart tvs, etc.

• Most will be liquid cooled and use municipal water for supply.

• Data Center needs:

• Power

• Water

• Infrastructure

• Space

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## Water Use Program and Data Centers

• In the 2026 legislative session, a bill proposed “Data centers” as a use category for the water use program to track regardless of having a water use permit. That bill failed to proceed.

• Local Cities, Counties and County Supervisors have contacted the program about what water rights can and should enforce and track with. And what counties can do.

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