• Electromagnetic interference with navigation aids, radar, and communications.
• Stormwater ponds attracting wildlife/birds near runways (FAA AC 150/5200-33 wildlife hazard guidance).
• Potential effects on aerial events and transient traffic — Fourth of July displays and flyovers, NATA, and the heavy general-aviation traffic transiting the region for EAA AirVenture Oshkosh.

6. Noise

• Continuous, 24/7 low-frequency hum from cooling fans and chillers — a leading complaint in communities near existing facilities (e.g., Chandler, AZ; Loudoun County, VA).
• Periodic testing of banks of diesel backup generators, often exceeding 90 dB nearby.
• Tonal noise that is more disturbing than broadband noise at the same measured level.
• Standards must include C-weighted (dBC) limits in addition to A-weighted limits, because A-weighting understates the low-frequency noise data centers produce.
• Enforceable standards measured at the property line or road right-of-way against a pre-construction background (L90) baseline, with absolute limits and penalties for tonal noise.

7. Air Quality, Dust, and Emissions

• Diesel backup generator fleets — sometimes dozens to hundreds of engines — emitting NOx, particulate matter, and CO2 during testing and outages.
• Dust control requirements during construction and operation, enforceable on unpaved surfaces and material handling.
• Carbon emission restrictions or reporting requirements for on-site generation.
• On-site fuel storage in large quantities, with spill and fire risk.
• Cooling tower drift releasing water-treatment chemicals into the air.

8. Fire, Safety, and Hazardous Materials

• Lithium-ion battery energy storage systems with thermal-runaway fire risk exceeding rural fire department capabilities.
• Large diesel fuel storage and refrigerant inventories requiring hazmat response capacity.
• Burden on volunteer or small-town fire and EMS services without compensating funding or training.
• Emergency response plans must be required, developed in coordination with local fire and EMS, and regularly inspected and updated.

9. Lighting, Visual, and Character Impacts

• Massive warehouse-scale buildings out of scale with rural landscapes.
• Security lighting and light pollution affecting neighbors and the night sky.
• Visual pollution and loss of rural character, scenic views, and quality of life that drew residents to the area.
• Protection of views along designated state and national scenic byways (e.g., the Great River Road) from data center development.
• Perimeter fencing, guard structures, and industrial appearance incompatible with surrounding uses.

10. Traffic and Infrastructure