directly into the aquifers that supply drinking water. Contaminants entering a sinkhole receive little or no natural filtration.

• Mandatory setbacks for data center buildings, fuel storage, chemical storage, stormwater basins, and wastewater infrastructure from mapped sinkholes, karst features, losing streams, and springs.
• A required karst and geologic site investigation by a qualified independent geologist before any application is accepted, including identification of unmapped karst features on and adjacent to the site.
• Prohibition on siting in areas of active or high-density sinkhole formation, where subsidence also threatens the structures themselves.
• Secondary containment for all fuel and chemical storage, sized and designed for karst terrain, with groundwater monitoring wells around the facility.
• Stormwater designs that do not concentrate infiltration near karst features; a pond or basin placed over a sinkhole becomes a direct injection point to the aquifer.

4. Electrical Grid and Energy

• Enormous electrical demand — a single large campus can use as much power as a city — straining the regional grid.
• Proof of excess power capacity: applicants must provide documented verification from the serving utility and regional grid operator that at least 150% of the facility's projected peak demand is available as excess capacity — beyond existing committed load — before an application is accepted, so a project cannot be approved on power that does not yet exist or that would be taken from existing customers.
• Rate increases for residential and small-business customers when utilities build new generation and transmission to serve data centers (documented in Virginia, Georgia, Ohio, and elsewhere).
• New high-voltage transmission lines and substations crossing farms and rural neighborhoods.
• Reliability risk: large loads connecting or disconnecting can destabilize local grid segments.
• On-site fossil generation (diesel or gas turbines) used as primary or bridge power when grid capacity lags.
• Require a backup power plan with operating restrictions, together with a generator testing plan specifying frequency, duration, permitted hours, and neighbor notification.
• Underground and overhead line routes must not interfere with non-participating parcels and must be installed at the applicant's expense.
• A plan identifying all grid interconnection points must be established and demonstrated suitable before approval.

5. Airport and Aviation Safety

• Proximity to the Dubuque Regional Airport raises specific hazards that require FAA review before local approval.
• The airport's heavy presence of student pilots and small general-aviation aircraft, which operate at lower altitudes and are more vulnerable to plume turbulence and visibility hazards.
• Structure and crane heights penetrating FAR Part 77 airspace surfaces (FAA Form 7460-1 obstruction review).
• Thermal plumes from cooling equipment and generator exhaust creating turbulence hazards for low-flying aircraft (per FAA guidance in AIM 7-6-16).
• Steam from exhaust and cooling towers can cause icing on aircraft operating in the vicinity of the site.
• Glint and glare from rooftop solar or reflective surfaces affecting pilots on approach.