{ "document_id": 15947, "page": 1, "width_pt": 432, "height_pt": 648, "rotation": 0, "pipeline_version": "paddleocr-vl-1.6+paul-48", "engine": "paddleocr_vl", "source_run_id": 16057, "item_count": 22, "counts_by_type": { "footnote": 4, "header": 1, "heading": 1, "text": 15, "title": 1 }, "build_ms": 3, "items": [ { "id": "p1.1", "order": 1, "type": "header", "bbox": { "l": 34.8, "t": 607.44, "r": 46.8, "b": 598.32 }, "text": "89", "attrs": { "block_label": "number" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p1.2", "order": 2, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 34.08, "t": 582.96, "r": 275.28, "b": 572.16 }, "text": "Journal of the American Pomological Society 62(3):89-97 2008" }, { "id": "p1.3", "order": 3, "type": "title", "bbox": { "l": 75.84, "t": 567.36, "r": 355.44, "b": 520.08 }, "text": "Flowering and Fruiting Characteristics of Eight Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] Selections in Kentucky", "attrs": { "block_label": "doc_title" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p1.4", "order": 4, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 48.24, "t": 516.48, "r": 383.76, "b": 505.2 }, "text": "KIRK W. POMPER[p1.4.1], SHERI B. CRABTREE[p1.4.2], DESMOND R. LAYNE[p1.4.3], AND R. NEAL PETERSON[p1.4.4]", "children": [ { "id": "p1.4.1", "order": 5, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 48.24, "t": 516.48, "r": 383.76, "b": 505.2 }, "text": "¹", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 14, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.4.2", "order": 6, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 48.24, "t": 516.48, "r": 383.76, "b": 505.2 }, "text": "²", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 41, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.4.3", "order": 7, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 48.24, "t": 516.48, "r": 383.76, "b": 505.2 }, "text": "³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 67, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.4.4", "order": 8, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 48.24, "t": 516.48, "r": 383.76, "b": 505.2 }, "text": "⁴", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 97, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.5", "order": 9, "type": "heading", "bbox": { "l": 196.08, "t": 494.88, "r": 235.44, "b": 485.52 }, "text": "Abstract", "attrs": { "block_label": "paragraph_title" }, "level": 3 }, { "id": "p1.6", "order": 10, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 33.36, "t": 484.32, "r": 397.2, "b": 339.36 }, "text": "The North American pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] is in the initial stages of commercialization; however, little information has been published concerning flowering and ripening periods of commercially available cultivars. Cultivars with late flowering or extended bloom period could be useful to growers for avoiding crop losses to late spring frosts. The objectives of this study were to determine if mature trees of commercially available pawpaw cultivars display: 1) concentrated bloom periods, 2) late flowering characteristics, 3) high fruit set, and 4) concentrated fruit ripening characteristics that were related to concentrated bloom periods. An orchard was planted in the spring of 1998 in a randomized block experimental design with 8 replicates. In 2004 to 2006, the cultivars ‘Middletown’, ‘Overleese’, ‘PA-Golden’, ‘Sunflower’, ‘Wells’, ‘Wilson’, ‘NC-1’ and the advanced selection 2-54 were evaluated for flower number per tree, density, peak, and duration, as well as trunk cross-sectional area, fruit set, days between flower and harvest peak, duration of harvest, fruit weight, yield, and number of fruit per cluster. An extended flowering period or larger flower number did not improve fruit set. Mature trees of commercially available pawpaw cultivars did not display concentrated bloom periods or ripening periods; however, ‘Wells’ and ‘Middletown’ did have late flowering peaks (maximum number of flowers) that could allow a partial crop if early spring frosts destroy flowers around or at the flowering peak. However, the average fruit size of ‘Wells’ and ‘Middletown’ is small and undesirable for commercial production.", "attrs": { "block_label": "abstract" } }, { "id": "p1.7", "order": 11, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 33.12, "t": 332.88, "r": 212.16, "b": 190.08 }, "text": "The North American pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] is in the initial stages of commercial production across the United States (6). The pawpaw fruit has both fresh market and processing appeal, with an intense flavor that resembles a combination of banana, mango, and pineapple (1). Little information has been published concerning flowering, bloom period or fruit set in commercially available pawpaw cultivars. This information would be valuable to growers for selection of cultivars for regional suitability and microclimates." }, { "id": "p1.8", "order": 12, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 33.36, "t": 189.36, "r": 211.68, "b": 123.12 }, "text": "Pawpaw flowers are strongly protogynous and are likely self-incompatible (8), although some cultivars, such as ‘Sunflower’, may be self-fruitful. Pollination is by flies (Diptera) and beetles (Nitidulidae), and possibly other nocturnal insects (2, 3). Each fruit cluster develops from an individual flower. Seedlings normally flower when trees reach a height of about 1.8 m; cropping is achieved at five to eight years after planting. Grafted trees usually set fruit five to six years after planting, although some cultivars such as ‘PA-Golden (#1)’ may crop in the fourth year (7). The bloom period for a pawpaw tree usually occurs over 3 to 4 weeks; however, bloom periods for specific cultivars have not been evaluated. Late flowering or extended bloom period could be useful traits to growers for avoiding crop losses due to late spring frosts and microclimates that are frost prone. Harvest from trees is labor-intensive, occurring over several weeks, and has been thought to reflect an extended bloom period for a particular cultivar." }, { "id": "p1.9", "order": 13, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 218.64, "t": 333.36, "r": 398.16, "b": 134.88 }, "text": "velops from an individual flower. Seedlings normally flower when trees reach a height of about 1.8 m; cropping is achieved at five to eight years after planting. Grafted trees usually set fruit five to six years after planting, although some cultivars such as ‘PA-Golden (#1)’ may crop in the fourth year (7). The bloom period for a pawpaw tree usually occurs over 3 to 4 weeks; however, bloom periods for specific cultivars have not been evaluated. Late flowering or extended bloom period could be useful traits to growers for avoiding crop losses due to late spring frosts and microclimates that are frost prone. Harvest from trees is labor-intensive, occurring over several weeks, and has been thought to reflect an extended bloom period for a particular cultivar." }, { "id": "p1.10", "order": 14, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 228.48, "t": 134.16, "r": 397.92, "b": 123.12 }, "text": "In the wild, pawpaw trees are usually" }, { "id": "p1.11", "order": 15, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 34.32, "t": 109.44, "r": 397.68, "b": 91.44 }, "text": "[p1.11.1] Principal Investigator of Horticulture and Curator, USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Asimina species, Atwood Research Facility, Kentucky State University, Frankfort KY 40601-2355", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.11.1", "order": 16, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 34.32, "t": 109.44, "r": 397.68, "b": 91.44 }, "text": "¹", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.12", "order": 17, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 34.08, "t": 91.68, "r": 397.68, "b": 75.36 }, "text": "[p1.12.1]Co-Investigator of Horticulture, Atwood Research Facility, Kentucky State University, Frankfort KY 40601-2355", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.12.1", "order": 18, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 34.08, "t": 91.68, "r": 397.68, "b": 75.36 }, "text": "²", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.13", "order": 19, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 32.88, "t": 75.36, "r": 397.68, "b": 57.6 }, "text": "[p1.13.1] Associate Professor of Pomology and Extension Fruit Specialist, Dept. of Horticulture, Box 34075, Clemson Univ., Clemson SC 29634-0375", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.13.1", "order": 20, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 32.88, "t": 75.36, "r": 397.68, "b": 57.6 }, "text": "³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.14", "order": 21, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 33.84, "t": 58.32, "r": 238.08, "b": 48.48 }, "text": "[p1.14.1] Peterson Pawpaws, P.O. Box 1011, Harpers Ferry WV 25425", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.14.1", "order": 22, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 33.84, "t": 58.32, "r": 238.08, "b": 48.48 }, "text": "⁴", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] } ], "excluded_furniture": { "first": [], "last": [] } }