{ "document_id": 15944, "page": 9, "width_pt": 830.88, "height_pt": 606.24, "rotation": 270, "pipeline_version": "paddleocr-vl-1.6+paul-48", "engine": "paddleocr_vl", "source_run_id": 16062, "item_count": 15, "counts_by_type": { "footer": 1, "header": 4, "text": 10 }, "build_ms": 3, "items": [ { "id": "p9.1", "order": 1, "type": "header", "bbox": { "l": 60.96, "t": 598.56, "r": 77.52, "b": 590.4 }, "text": "364", "attrs": { "block_label": "number" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p9.2", "order": 2, "type": "header", "bbox": { "l": 279.6, "t": 603.84, "r": 388.56, "b": 592.8 }, "text": "K. POMPER AND D. LAYNE", "attrs": { "block_label": "header" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p9.3", "order": 3, "type": "header", "bbox": { "l": 456.48, "t": 597.36, "r": 733.68, "b": 585.12 }, "text": "7. THE NORTH AMERICAN PAWPAW: BOTANY AND HORTICULTURE", "attrs": { "block_label": "header" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p9.4", "order": 4, "type": "header", "bbox": { "l": 768.24, "t": 596.64, "r": 784.8, "b": 588.24 }, "text": "365", "attrs": { "block_label": "number" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p9.5", "order": 5, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 59.28, "t": 576.48, "r": 390, "b": 441.6 }, "text": "iccation of pawpaw seed reduces viability by 50% when seed moisture content declines from 37 to 25% (Finneseth et al. 1998a). As little as 5 days under open air conditions can reduce the moisture content of paw-paw seeds to 5% and result in total loss of viability. Pawpaw seeds must be stored moist at chilling (5°C) temperature to retain viability in long-term storage (Finneseth et al. 1998b). The seed can be stored in moist peat moss in ziplock bags for 2 to 3 years at 5°C and maintain a high germination percentage (Finneseth et al. 1998a). In contrast, seeds stored moist at warm (25°C) temperature will lose viability in storage after 6 months to 1 year. Storing pawpaw seed below freezing (-15°C) will kill the embryo (Pomper et al. 2000)." }, { "id": "p9.6", "order": 6, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 60.48, "t": 443.76, "r": 390.72, "b": 285.84 }, "text": "Pawpaw seeds also display combinational (morphophysiological) dormancy (Nikolaeva 1977) requiring a period of chilling stratification to satisfy intermediate physiological endogenous dormancy followed by a moist warm period to satisfy morphological dormancy (Finneseth et al. 1998b; Geneve et al. 2003). Pawpaw seeds need to be stratified between 60 and 120 days and this range in stratification time may reflect inherent variation found in seed collected from different locations across pawpaw's wide geographic distribution (Dirr and Heuser 1987; Reich 1991; Young and Young 1992; Finneseth et al. 1998b). Using pawpaw seeds collected from six locations within Kentucky, Finneseth et al. (1998b) determined that approximately 7 weeks of chilling (5°C) stratification was required to reach 50% germination and that the greatest germination percentage (84 to 90%) occurred after approximately 100 days of stratification." }, { "id": "p9.7", "order": 7, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 61.92, "t": 287.52, "r": 392.88, "b": 68.16 }, "text": "Once endogenous dormancy is relieved, pawpaw seeds still exhibit morphological dormancy. Seeds contain either a rudimentary or linear embryo that is not fully developed at the time the seed is mature and occupies less than one-half of the seed cavity (Nikolaeva 1977; Baskin and Baskin 1998; Finneseth et al. 1998a). When stratified seeds are moved to warm conditions, the cotyledons and radicle begin to grow at nearly comparable rates (Finneseth et al. 1998a). The cotyledons grow through two specialized channels that are distinct from the rest of the endosperm, while the hypocotyl and radicle emerge from the seed coat. The expanding cotyledons eventually extend to the tip of the seed. The cotyledons appear to act as haustorial structures transferring digested materials from the endosperm to the developing radicle (Finneseth et al. 1998a). The hypocotyl and radical continues to thicken to form a taproot. Forty-five days after sowing, the epicotyl emerges from the growing substrate. At this time the taproot averages (15 cm) in length and represents approximately 75% of the dry mass of the seedling. Seedling emergence is via a hypocotyl hook, but the seed coat containing the exhausted endosperm and the haustorial cotyledons may or may not emerge from the growing medium. In either case, the cotyledons never emerge from the seed coat and are shed along with the remnants of the seed soon after the epicotyl begins to elongate. This type of seed germination where the cotyledons emerge above the soil but remain inside the seed is described as durian germination (Ng 1973). Pawpaw can be further subdivided into the blumeodendron type of durian germination (de Vogel 1980). Pawpaw is the first non-tropical species reported with durian germination (Baskin and Baskin 1998)." }, { "id": "p9.8", "order": 8, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 454.8, "t": 570.72, "r": 785.28, "b": 472.32 }, "text": "emerge from the growing medium. In either case, the cotyledons never emerge from the seed coat and are shed along with the remnants of the seed soon after the epicotyl begins to elongate. This type of seed germination where the cotyledons emerge above the soil but remain inside the seed is described as durian germination (Ng 1973). Pawpaw can be further subdivided into the blumeodendron type of durian germination (de Vogel 1980). Pawpaw is the first non-tropical species reported with durian germination (Baskin and Baskin 1998)." }, { "id": "p9.9", "order": 9, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 455.04, "t": 474.96, "r": 787.44, "b": 64.56 }, "text": "Pawpaw seedlings develop a strong taproot with a fragile root system, which can be easily damaged upon digging; therefore, most nurseries propagate trees in containers (Layne 1996; Pomper et al. 2003c). Desiccation of field sown seed will greatly reduce germination rates. Recent studies have developed recommendations (e.g., potting substrate type, fertilization requirements, container size, shading, etc.) for successful container production of pawpaw (Layne 1996; Finneseth et al. 1998a; Jones et al. 1998; Pomper et al. 2002a). A well-aerated potting substrate with a high sphagnum peat moss component (>75% by volume), cation exchange capacity, and water-holding capacity can be used effectively in container production (Pomper et al. 2002b). Tall containers should be used to accommodate the developing taproot of seedlings (Pomper et al. 2003c). The slow-release fertilizer Osmocote 14-14-14 (14N-6.1P-11.6K) incorporated into Pro-Mix BX potting substrate can be used effectively as the sole fertilizer source at a treatment rate of 2.22 kg m[p9.9.1] in containerized pawpaw production (Pomper et al. 2002c). It can also be used at a lower rate of 0.81 kg m[p9.9.2] when supplemented with weekly applications of 500 mg L[p9.9.3] of Peters 20-20-20 (20N-8.78P-16.6K) liquid-feed fertilizer (Pomper et al. 2002c). If pawpaw seedlings are grown for longer than 4 months with Osmocote 14-14-14 (14N-6.1P-11.6K) as the sole fertilizer source in the potting substrate Pro-Mix BX, seedlings may display micronutrient deficiency symptoms. Thus, if pawpaw seedlings are to be grown in containers with Pro-MixBX or similar peat-based substrate for longer than four months, plants should receive a one-time application of soluble trace element mix (S.T.E.M.; Scotts Co., Marysville, Ohio) at a rate of 600 mg L[p9.9.4] about 3 months after sowing. Pawpaw seedlings grown for longer than 4 months in the potting substrate Pro-MixBX may also develop calcium deficiency symptoms. One or more applications of calcium nitrate at a rate of 500 mg L[p9.9.5] should also be provided to pawpaw seedlings at 3 months after sowing to avoid the development of calcium deficiency symptoms in plants. Bottom heating (32°C) of container-grown pawpaw seedlings results in greater lateral and total root dry weight (DW) than in seedlings grown at ambient temperature (24°C), which could increase the rate of establishment of seedlings in the", "children": [ { "id": "p9.9.1", "order": 10, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 455.04, "t": 474.96, "r": 787.44, "b": 64.56 }, "text": "⁻³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 1050, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p9.9.2", "order": 11, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 455.04, "t": 474.96, "r": 787.44, "b": 64.56 }, "text": "⁻³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 1165, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p9.9.3", "order": 12, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 455.04, "t": 474.96, "r": 787.44, "b": 64.56 }, "text": "⁻¹", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 1228, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p9.9.4", "order": 13, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 455.04, "t": 474.96, "r": 787.44, "b": 64.56 }, "text": "⁻¹", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 1807, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p9.9.5", "order": 14, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 455.04, "t": 474.96, "r": 787.44, "b": 64.56 }, "text": "⁻¹", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 2039, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p9.10", "order": 15, "type": "footer", "bbox": { "l": 293.76, "t": 60.96, "r": 386.4, "b": 51.6 }, "text": "I'm looking to boone", "attrs": { "block_label": "footer" } } ], "excluded_furniture": { "first": [], "last": [] } }