{
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            "id": "p4.1",
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            "text": "354",
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            "text": "K. POMPER AND D. LAYNE",
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            "text": "7. THE NORTH AMERICAN PAWPAW: BOTANY AND HORTICULTURE",
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            "text": "355",
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            "text": "Fig. 7.1. (A) Mature flower with an outer and inner whorl of three maroon-colored, three-lobed petals. (B) A mature pawpaw flower and developing cluster from an earlier flower. (C) Pawpaw cluster with ripe fruit. (D) A fruit cut open lengthwise and seeds removed. (E) A pawpaw tree showing pyramidal growth habit in full sun.",
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            "text": "composed of three to seven carpels resulting in three to seven fruited clusters (Kral 1960); up to nine-fruited clusters have been noted (Fig 7.1). Flowers emerge before leaves in spring (about April in Kentucky). Paw-paw blossoms occur singly on the previous year's wood, reaching up to 5 cm in diameter."
        },
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            "text": "Pawpaw's custard-like fruits are berries (Dirr 1990). The fruit have an oblong shape, green skin, a pleasant but strong aroma when ripe, and intense flavor (Peterson 1991; Shiota 1991; Layne 1996). However, flavor varies among cultivars, with some fruit displaying complex flavor profiles. Fruit from poor-quality pawpaw genotypes can have a mushy texture, lack sweetness, and have an overly rich flavor with turpentine or bittersweet aftertaste; many wild pawpaws have poor eating quality. Fruit from superior genotypes have a firm texture, a delicate blend of flavors, are rich but not cloying, and have no bitter aftertaste. The flavor of a pawpaw fruit can intensify when it over-ripens, as with banana, resulting in pulp that is excellent for use in cooking. The fruit are oblong-cylindrical, typically 3 to 15 cm long, 3 to 10 cm wide and weigh from 100 to 1000 g. They may be borne singly or in clusters that resemble the “hands” of a banana plant. In the fruit, there are two rows of seeds (12 to 20 seeds) that are brown and bean shaped and that may be up to 3 cm long. The seed and skin of the fruit are generally not eaten. The endosperm of the seeds contains alkaloids that are emetic (Vines 1960) and if chewed may impair mammalian digestion. Pawpaw fruit allergies have been reported in some people (Barber 1905). Seed lipid profiles include octanoate and positional monoene fatty acid isomers (Wood and Peterson 1999). In the wild, the primary consumers and seed dispersers are raccoons [Procyon lotor (L.) Elliot], red foxes [Vulpes fulvus (Desmarest) Merriam], and opossums (Didelphis virginiana Kerr) that eat fruit that has fallen to the ground. Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) will also eat whole pawpaw fruit when it is available and they may also disperse seed."
        },
        {
            "id": "p4.9",
            "order": 9,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
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            "text": "ing in pulp that is excellent for use in cooking. The fruit are oblong-cylindrical, typically 3 to 15 cm long, 3 to 10 cm wide and weigh from 100 to 1000 g. They may be borne singly or in clusters that resemble the “hands” of a banana plant. In the fruit, there are two rows of seeds (12 to 20 seeds) that are brown and bean shaped and that may be up to 3 cm long. The seed and skin of the fruit are generally not eaten. The endosperm of the seeds contains alkaloids that are emetic (Vines 1960) and if chewed may impair mammalian digestion. Pawpaw fruit allergies have been reported in some people (Barber 1905). Seed lipid profiles include octanoate and positional monoene fatty acid isomers (Wood and Peterson 1999). In the wild, the primary consumers and seed dispersers are raccoons [Procyon lotor (L.) Elliot], red foxes [Vulpes fulvus (Desmarest) Merriam], and opossums (Didelphis virginiana Kerr) that eat fruit that has fallen to the ground. Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) will also eat whole pawpaw fruit when it is available and they may also disperse seed."
        },
        {
            "id": "p4.10",
            "order": 10,
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            "text": "The pawpaw fruit has a high nutritional value (Table 7.1) (Peterson et al. 1982; Jones and Layne 1997). Pawpaw and banana are similar in dietary fiber content and overall nutritive composition. Pawpaw has three times as much vitamin C as apple, twice as much as banana, and one third as much as orange. Pawpaw has six times as much riboflavin as apple, and twice as much as orange. Niacin content of pawpaw is twice as high as banana, 14 times higher than apple, and four times higher than orange. Pawpaw and banana are both high in potassium, having about twice as much as orange and three times as much as apple. Pawpaw has one and a half times as much calcium as orange, and about 10 times as much as banana or apple. Pawpaw has two to seven times as much phosphorus, four to 20 times as much magnesium, 20 to 70 times as much iron, five to 20 times as much zinc, five to 12 times as much copper, and 16 to 100 times as much manganese, as do banana, apple, or orange. Pawpaw exceeds apple in all of the essential amino acids, and exceeds or equals banana and orange for some. Pawpaw has 32% saturated, 40% monounsaturated, and 28% polyunsaturated fatty acids as compared to banana, which has 52% saturated, 15% monounsaturated, and 34% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Pawpaw is an excellent food source."
        },
        {
            "id": "p4.11",
            "order": 11,
            "type": "heading",
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            "text": "C. Genetic Resources",
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            "level": 3
        },
        {
            "id": "p4.12",
            "order": 12,
            "type": "text",
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            "text": "Efforts to domesticate the pawpaw began early in the 20th century (Zimmerman 1941; Peterson 1991). In 1916, a contest to find the best pawpaw was sponsored by the American Genetics Association. This contest generated much interest and the sponsors thought that with time and “intelligent breeding” commercial-quality varieties could be developed"
        }
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