{ "document_id": 15932, "page": 5, "width_pt": 612, "height_pt": 792, "rotation": 0, "pipeline_version": "paddleocr-vl-1.6+paul-48", "engine": "paddleocr_vl", "source_run_id": 16043, "item_count": 17, "counts_by_type": { "caption": 3, "figure": 4, "footer": 2, "form_field": 1, "formula": 1, "heading": 1, "text": 5 }, "build_ms": 4, "items": [ { "id": "p5.1", "order": 1, "type": "figure", "bbox": { "l": 52.8, "t": 737.76, "r": 214.08, "b": 589.2 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "kind": "chart", "block_label": "chart" } }, { "id": "p5.2", "order": 2, "type": "caption", "bbox": { "l": 69.84, "t": 583.68, "r": 76.32, "b": 574.8 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "block_label": "figure_title" } }, { "id": "p5.3", "order": 3, "type": "figure", "bbox": { "l": 52.08, "t": 582.24, "r": 214.08, "b": 412.8 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "kind": "chart", "block_label": "chart" } }, { "id": "p5.4", "order": 4, "type": "caption", "bbox": { "l": 52.56, "t": 408, "r": 212.16, "b": 254.88 }, "text": "Fig. 2. The influence of Osmocote 14–14–14 (14N–6.1P–11.6K) slow-release fertilizer rates on biomass production by container-grown pawpaw (Asimina triloba) seedlings in a greenhouse. (A) root dry weight (y = 0.805 + 0.018x–0.002x², R² = 0.74, P = 0.001), (B) shoot root dry weight (y = 0.768 + 0.148x–0.008x², R² = 0.58, P = 0.001), (C) total plant dry weight (y = 1.577 + 0.167x–0.010x², R² = 0.58, P = 0.001), (D) root:shoot ratio (y = 1.210 + 0.142x–0.007x², R² = 0.65, P = 0.001). Each symbol is the mean of three blocks, ± SE; 1 kg·m⁻³ = 2.2 lb/yard³, 1 g = 0.035 oz.", "attrs": { "block_label": "figure_title" } }, { "id": "p5.5", "order": 5, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 53.04, "t": 243.12, "r": 215.04, "b": 165.84 }, "text": "treatment B were greatest. At harvest, seedling heights in treatment B were still the greatest; however, seedlings at treatment E had grown more rapidly during the final 3 weeks and attained a height similar to those in the control and treatment A." }, { "id": "p5.6", "order": 6, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 52.56, "t": 165.84, "r": 215.28, "b": 43.2 }, "text": "At the termination of the experiment, shoot, root, and total plant dry weight showed a quadratic response curve to increasing rates of Osmocote (Fig. 2). Plants had the greatest shoot, root, and total plant dry weight in treatment B (Fig. 2A, 2B, and 2C). Root to shoot ratio showed a quadratic response curve, in which the root to shoot ratio decreased from about 1.5 with no Osmocote applied," }, { "id": "p5.7", "order": 7, "type": "figure", "bbox": { "l": 230.16, "t": 736.8, "r": 389.04, "b": 588.48 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "kind": "chart", "block_label": "chart" } }, { "id": "p5.8", "order": 8, "type": "figure", "bbox": { "l": 229.92, "t": 582.48, "r": 390, "b": 413.28 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "kind": "chart", "block_label": "chart" } }, { "id": "p5.9", "order": 9, "type": "caption", "bbox": { "l": 228.96, "t": 408.24, "r": 390.48, "b": 383.52 }, "text": "to about 0.65 with Osmocote at rates at or exceeding 2.22 kg·m[p5.9.1] (Fig. 2D).", "attrs": { "block_label": "figure_title" }, "children": [ { "id": "p5.9.1", "order": 10, "type": "formula", "bbox": { "l": 228.96, "t": 408.24, "r": 390.48, "b": 383.52 }, "text": "\\text{to about 0.65 with Osmocote at rates at or exceeding } 2.22\\,\\text{kg}\\cdot\\text{m}^{-3}\\text{ (Fig. 2D).}", "attrs": { "latex": "\\text{to about 0.65 with Osmocote at rates at or exceeding } 2.22\\,\\text{kg}\\cdot\\text{m}^{-3}\\text{ (Fig. 2D).}", "inline": true, "text_offset": 62, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true, "alt": "to about 0.65 with Osmocote at rates at or exceeding 2.22, kg times m to the power of minus 3 times Fig. 2 D .", "notation": "latex", "mathml": "to about 0.65 with Osmocote at rates at or exceeding 2.22kg·m−3 (Fig. 2D)." } } ] }, { "id": "p5.10", "order": 11, "type": "heading", "bbox": { "l": 229.2, "t": 380.16, "r": 297.84, "b": 367.68 }, "text": "Discussion", "attrs": { "block_label": "paragraph_title" }, "level": 3 }, { "id": "p5.11", "order": 12, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 227.52, "t": 365.28, "r": 391.68, "b": 44.88 }, "text": "Based on the results of this study, the 4-month formulation of Osmocote 14–14–14 can be used effectively as the sole fertilizer source at treatment rate B (2.22 kg·m⁻³) or at the lower treatment rate A (0.81 kg·m⁻³), which was the high rate in the first experiment, when supplemented with weekly applications of 500 mg·L⁻¹ of Peters 20–20–20 liquid-feed fertilizer for enhanced production of pawpaw seedlings in containers. Pawpaw seedlings responded well even to low rates of fertilization with Osmocote or Peters with enhanced growth. When plants in the slow-release and liquid-feed fertilizer application experiment were fertilized with the high rate of Osmocote [0.81 kg·m⁻³ (1.37 lb/yard³)], and 500 mg·L⁻¹ liquid-feed fertilizer, total plant dry weight [3.53 g (0.12 oz)] was greater than that [2.46 g (0.09 oz)] of plants in sole slow-release fertilizer application experiment receiving treatment B of Osmocote as the sole fertilizer application. Control seedlings were similar in total dry weight in both Expt. 1 and Expt. 2. In the slow-release and liquid-feed fertilizer ap" }, { "id": "p5.12", "order": 13, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 403.44, "t": 735.6, "r": 568.08, "b": 167.28 }, "text": "plication experiment, plants fertilized with the high rate of Osmocote (0.81 kg·m⁻³) and seven weekly applications of 500 mg·L⁻¹ Peters liquid-feed fertilizer received a total of 116 mg (0.004 oz) of N, whereas 230 mg (0.008 oz) of N was supplied to plants in the sole slow-release fertilizer application experiment that received treatment rate B of Osmocote as their only fertilizer amendment. Thus, the greater total plant dry weight of seedlings in Expt. 1, fertilized with the high rate of Osmocote [0.81 kg·m⁻³ and 500 mg·L⁻¹ liquid-feed fertilizer, than in seedlings in Expt. 2, fertilized solely with treatment rate B of Osmocote, was achieved even though the plants in Expt. 1 received only about 50% as much total N as plants in treatment B. The greenhouse environment was warmer during Expt. 1 than during Expt. 2, which may have promoted growth of the seedlings during the former experiment. The warmer greenhouse temperatures may have promoted greater nutrient release rates by the Osmocote; however, since higher nutrient treatment rates in the slow-release fertilizer application only experiment did not enhance growth further, the warmer temperatures in the earlier experiment likely resulted in greater plant biomass accumulation by stimulating plant growth and nutrient uptake. Pomper et al. (2002b) found that bottom heat [32 °C (90 °F)] increased total pawpaw seedling dry weight by 87% compared to plants grown at ambient root-zone conditions [24°C (75 °F)]. Other differences in the cultural conditions during the experiments could also have affected plant growth; spring PPF may have been lower than summer levels. Seedlings grown at either the high rate of Osmocote (0.81 kg·m⁻³), supplemented with 500 mg·L⁻¹ Peters liquid-feed fertilizer, or Osmocote in treatment B had similar root to shoot ratios of about 0.65, indicating that both these fertilizer regimes resulted in excellent seedling shoot production." }, { "id": "p5.13", "order": 14, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 404.16, "t": 166.08, "r": 567.84, "b": 43.44 }, "text": "Finneseth et al. (1998a) reported that early pawpaw seedling development can be divided into four distinct stages, including radicle protrusion, hypocotyl emergence, epicotyl elongation, and seedcoat abscission. At the time of epicotyl elongation, which can be more than 50 d after sowing, the radicle and developing root system can comprise up to 81% of the seedling biomass. When plants were grown with" }, { "id": "p5.14", "order": 15, "type": "footer", "bbox": { "l": 53.76, "t": 33.36, "r": 211.68, "b": 21.36 }, "text": "HorTechnology · July–September 2002 12(3)", "attrs": { "block_label": "footer" }, "children": [ { "id": "p5.14.1", "order": 16, "type": "form_field", "bbox": { "l": 105.3, "t": 28.689100000000053, "r": 107.1193, "b": 25.699100000000044 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "field_kind": "radio", "label": "July–September 2002 12(3)", "checked": true, "source": "glyph", "label_source": "parent_text", "label_ref": "p5.14", "text_offset": 16, "text_span": 0 } } ] }, { "id": "p5.15", "order": 17, "type": "footer", "bbox": { "l": 549.36, "t": 32.88, "r": 565.92, "b": 23.04 }, "text": "401", "attrs": { "block_label": "number" } } ], "excluded_furniture": { "first": [], "last": [] } }