{ "document_id": 15932, "page": 1, "width_pt": 612, "height_pt": 792, "rotation": 0, "pipeline_version": "paddleocr-vl-1.6+paul-48", "engine": "paddleocr_vl", "source_run_id": 16043, "item_count": 37, "counts_by_type": { "footer": 3, "footnote": 4, "form_field": 1, "text": 28, "title": 1 }, "build_ms": 7, "items": [ { "id": "p1.1", "order": 1, "type": "title", "bbox": { "l": 53.28, "t": 739.68, "r": 212.4, "b": 579.36 }, "text": "Determination of the Optimal Rate of Slow-release Fertilizer for Enhanced Growth of Pawpaw Seedlings in Containers", "attrs": { "block_label": "doc_title" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p1.2", "order": 2, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 53.52, "t": 560.4, "r": 186, "b": 510.24 }, "text": "Kirk W. Pomper,[p1.2.1]\nDesmond R. Layne,[p1.2.2] and\nEddie B. Reed[p1.2.3]", "children": [ { "id": "p1.2.1", "order": 3, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 53.52, "t": 560.4, "r": 186, "b": 510.24 }, "text": "¹", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 15, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.2.2", "order": 4, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 53.52, "t": 560.4, "r": 186, "b": 510.24 }, "text": "²", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 41, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.2.3", "order": 5, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 53.52, "t": 560.4, "r": 186, "b": 510.24 }, "text": "³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 67, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.3", "order": 6, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 53.28, "t": 485.28, "r": 195.36, "b": 453.84 }, "text": "ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Asimina triloba, root:shoot ratio, kentucky banana" }, { "id": "p1.4", "order": 7, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 52.32, "t": 446.88, "r": 215.76, "b": 222.72 }, "text": "SUMMARY. Growth of pawpaw\n(Asimina triloba) seedlings in containers was examined in a factorial greenhouse experiment with four treatment levels of the slow-release fertilizer, Osmocote 14–14–14 (14N–6.1P–11.6K), incorporated in Pro-Mix BX potting substrate at 0, 0.13, 0.26 or 0.81 kg·m[p1.4.1] (0, 0.22, 0.44, or 1.37 lb/yard[p1.4.2]) and three treatment levels of liquid-feed fertilizer of Peters 20–20–20 (20N–8.7P–16.6K) water-soluble fertilizer at 0, 250, or 500 mg·L[p1.4.3] (ppm). When plants were harvested 18 weeks after sowing, seedlings subjected to the highest rate of Osmocote 14–14–14 at 0.81 kg·m[p1.4.4] and liquid-feed at 500 mg·L[p1.4.5] had the greatest total biomass, about 3-fold greater than nonfertilized plants. In a separate greenhouse experiment, growth of seedlings was examined", "attrs": { "block_label": "abstract" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.4.1", "order": 8, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 52.32, "t": 446.88, "r": 215.76, "b": 222.72 }, "text": "⁻³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 287, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.4.2", "order": 9, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 52.32, "t": 446.88, "r": 215.76, "b": 222.72 }, "text": "³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 327, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.4.3", "order": 10, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 52.32, "t": 446.88, "r": 215.76, "b": 222.72 }, "text": "⁻¹", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 473, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.4.4", "order": 11, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 52.32, "t": 446.88, "r": 215.76, "b": 222.72 }, "text": "⁻³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 612, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.4.5", "order": 12, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 52.32, "t": 446.88, "r": 215.76, "b": 222.72 }, "text": "⁻¹", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 648, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.5", "order": 13, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 228, "t": 738.48, "r": 390.72, "b": 446.16 }, "text": "with Osmocote 14–14–14 as the sole fertilizer source at six treatment levels of: 0, 0.81, 2.22, 4.43, 8.86, or 17.7 kg·m[p1.5.1] (0, 1.37, 3.74, 7.47, 14.9, or 29.9 lb/yard[p1.5.2]). Early seedling growth was hastened in the 2.22 kg·m[p1.5.3] treatment rate, but delayed in 17.7 kg·m[p1.5.4] treatment rate, when compared to nonfertilized control plants. When seedlings were harvested 17 weeks after sowing, plants had the greatest shoot, root, and total dry weight with Osmocote 14–14–14 at a rate of 2.22 kg·m[p1.5.5]. Root:shoot ratio decreased from about 1.5 without Osmocote 14–14–14, to about 0.65 at rates of 2.22 kg·m[p1.5.6] or greater. Based on the results of this study, the slow-release fertilizer, Osmocote 14–14–14, can be used effectively as a sole fertilizer source when incorporated into potting substrate at a rate of 2.22 kg·m[p1.5.7] or at a reduced rate of 0.81 kg·m[p1.5.8] when supplemented with weekly applications of liquid-feed fertilizer at a rate of 500 mg·L[p1.5.9] of Peters 20–20–20, to enhance production of container-grown pawpaw seedlings.", "attrs": { "block_label": "abstract" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.5.1", "order": 14, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 228, "t": 738.48, "r": 390.72, "b": 446.16 }, "text": "⁻³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 120, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.5.2", "order": 15, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 228, "t": 738.48, "r": 390.72, "b": 446.16 }, "text": "³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 172, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.5.3", "order": 16, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 228, "t": 738.48, "r": 390.72, "b": 446.16 }, "text": "⁻³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 234, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.5.4", "order": 17, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 228, "t": 738.48, "r": 390.72, "b": 446.16 }, "text": "⁻³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 283, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.5.5", "order": 18, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 228, "t": 738.48, "r": 390.72, "b": 446.16 }, "text": "⁻³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 511, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.5.6", "order": 19, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 228, "t": 738.48, "r": 390.72, "b": 446.16 }, "text": "⁻³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 625, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.5.7", "order": 20, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 228, "t": 738.48, "r": 390.72, "b": 446.16 }, "text": "⁻³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 845, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.5.8", "order": 21, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 228, "t": 738.48, "r": 390.72, "b": 446.16 }, "text": "⁻³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 887, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.5.9", "order": 22, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 228, "t": 738.48, "r": 390.72, "b": 446.16 }, "text": "⁻¹", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 986, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.6", "order": 23, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 227.76, "t": 430.56, "r": 391.92, "b": 42.72 }, "text": "The North American paw-\npaw has potential as a high-\nvalue tree-fruit crop or as a\nlandscape component (Layne, 1996;\nPomper et al., 1999). Historically,\npawpaws have been difficult to propa-\ngate. Pawpaws develop a strong tap-\nroot with a fragile root system, which\ncan be easily damaged upon digging;\ntherefore, most commercial nurseries\nin the United States propagate their\nown pawpaw trees in containers (un-\npublished). Although this results in a\nsignificantly greater cost to the pur-\nchaser, trees usually have a strong, healthy\nroot system for field establishment. Un-\nfortunately, high prices for seedling and\ngrafted trees are limiting the develop-\nment of a commercial pawpaw industry.\nRecent studies at Kentucky State Uni-\nversity have developed recommendations\n(e.g., potting substrate type, the\nuse of tall containers to accommodate\nthe seedling’s strong tap root, etc.) to-\nward the successful container produc-\ntion of pawpaw (Finneseth et al., 1998a,\n1998b; Jones et al., 1998; Layne, 1996;\nPomper et al., 2002a, 2002b). How-\never, further improvements in cultural\nmethods for container production of\nrobust pawpaw seedlings for grafting,\ntransplanting to orchards, or home land-\nscapes would be desirable.\nThere is little information available\non the fertilization requirements of paw-" }, { "id": "p1.7", "order": 24, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 403.92, "t": 738.24, "r": 568.8, "b": 188.16 }, "text": "paw. Slow-release fertilizers are an efficient means to meet the nutritional needs of container-grown nursery crops. Osmocote is a popular encapsulated, slow-release fertilizer that provides a relatively constant supply of nutrients for plant absorption over a fixed time frame. Because fertilizers such as Osmocote release nutrients slowly, they eliminate the need for labor-intensive liquid fertilization that may lead to excessive nutrient leaching and contamination of ground water (Nelson, 1998). Osmocote, alone or in combination with water-soluble fertilizer, has been used to successfully produce many tree species in containers. For example, false weymouth pine (Pinus pseudostrobus) and douglas pine (Pinus douglasiana) trees grew well when fertilized using Osmocote 14–14–14 at a rate of 4 kg·m⁻³ (6.74 lb/yard³) (Mexal et al., 1995). River birch (Betula nigra), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and weeping willow (Salix babylonica) have been grown successfully outdoors in containers with Osmocote 16–7–12 (16N–3.1P–10K) at a rate of 13 kg·m⁻³ (21.9 lb/yard³) (Ruter, 1994). Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and red oak (Quercus rubra) have been grown successfully in containers with Osmocote 18–6–12 (18N–2.6P–10K) at a rate of 3.6 kg·m⁻³ (6 lb/yard³), supplemented with weekly applications of 200 mg·L⁻¹ N from 20–20–20 (20N–8.7P–16.6K) water soluble fertilizer (Arnold and Struve, 1989). Pomper et al. (2002b) found that pawpaw seedlings grew well in Pro-Mix BX potting substrate (Premier Horticulture, Inc., Red Hill, Pa.) with weekly liquid-feed applications of 500 mg·L⁻¹ Peters 20–20–20 water-soluble fertilizer plus soluble trace elements; however, further examination of specific nutritional requirements for container production of pawpaw seedlings could lead to enhanced growth of seedlings." }, { "id": "p1.8", "order": 25, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 404.16, "t": 188.16, "r": 567.84, "b": 76.8 }, "text": "The objective of this study was to examine early growth and development of greenhouse-grown pawpaw seedlings with either slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote) as the sole fertilizer source or with Osmocote supplemented by water-soluble fertilizer, in an effort to determine the optimal fertilization for enhanced growth of pawpaw seedlings in containers." }, { "id": "p1.9", "order": 26, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 404.88, "t": 72, "r": 565.92, "b": 44.64 }, "text": "Materials and methods\nPLANT MATERIAL. For all experi-" }, { "id": "p1.10", "order": 27, "type": "footer", "bbox": { "l": 53.04, "t": 215.04, "r": 214.8, "b": 197.28 }, "text": "Kentucky State University, Land Grant Program, 129 Atwood Research Facility, Frankfort, KY 40601-2355.", "attrs": { "block_label": "footer" } }, { "id": "p1.11", "order": 28, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 52.8, "t": 194.88, "r": 215.28, "b": 135.84 }, "text": "This research was supported by U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service Agreement no. KYX-10-97-28P. We thank R. Neal Peterson (founder of The PawPaw Foundation) for supplying seed used in this study. The technical assistance of S. Jones is also gratefully acknowledged by the authors.", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" } }, { "id": "p1.12", "order": 29, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 53.04, "t": 134.64, "r": 215.76, "b": 91.92 }, "text": "[p1.12.1]Principal investigator of horticulture and curator, USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Asimina sp., Kentucky State University, and president of The PawPaw Foundation. To whom reprint requests should be addressed.", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.12.1", "order": 30, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 53.04, "t": 134.64, "r": 215.76, "b": 91.92 }, "text": "¹", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.13", "order": 31, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 53.28, "t": 90.72, "r": 215.76, "b": 64.56 }, "text": "[p1.13.1]Assistant professor of pomology and extension fruit specialist, Dept. of Horticulture, Box 340375, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC 29634-0375.", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.13.1", "order": 32, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 53.28, "t": 90.72, "r": 215.76, "b": 64.56 }, "text": "²", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.14", "order": 33, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 53.04, "t": 62.64, "r": 214.32, "b": 44.4 }, "text": "[p1.14.1]Research assistant, Horticulture Program, Kentucky State University.", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.14.1", "order": 34, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 53.04, "t": 62.64, "r": 214.32, "b": 44.4 }, "text": "³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.15", "order": 35, "type": "footer", "bbox": { "l": 53.52, "t": 33.6, "r": 211.68, "b": 21.12 }, "text": "HorTechnology · July–September 2002 12(3)", "attrs": { "block_label": "footer" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.15.1", "order": 36, "type": "form_field", "bbox": { "l": 105.3, "t": 28.689100000000053, "r": 107.1193, "b": 25.699100000000044 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "field_kind": "radio", "label": "July–September 2002 12(3)", "checked": true, "source": "glyph", "label_source": "parent_text", "label_ref": "p1.15", "text_offset": 16, "text_span": 0 } } ] }, { "id": "p1.16", "order": 37, "type": "footer", "bbox": { "l": 549.36, "t": 33.6, "r": 566.64, "b": 23.04 }, "text": "397", "attrs": { "block_label": "number" } } ], "excluded_furniture": { "first": [], "last": [] } }