{ "document_id": 15930, "page": 1, "width_pt": 432, "height_pt": 648, "rotation": 0, "pipeline_version": "paddleocr-vl-1.6+paul-48", "engine": "paddleocr_vl", "source_run_id": 16041, "item_count": 33, "counts_by_type": { "footnote": 6, "form_field": 2, "header": 1, "heading": 1, "text": 21, "title": 2 }, "build_ms": 8, "items": [ { "id": "p1.1", "order": 1, "type": "header", "bbox": { "l": 385.2, "t": 606.96, "r": 396.72, "b": 597.84 }, "text": "58", "attrs": { "block_label": "number" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p1.2", "order": 2, "type": "title", "bbox": { "l": 34.08, "t": 583.44, "r": 275.04, "b": 572.88 }, "text": "Journal of the American Pomological Society 62(2):58-69 2008", "attrs": { "block_label": "doc_title" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p1.3", "order": 3, "type": "title", "bbox": { "l": 65.52, "t": 567.36, "r": 366, "b": 552.96 }, "text": "The Kentucky Pawpaw Regional Variety Trial", "attrs": { "block_label": "doc_title" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p1.4", "order": 4, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 56.16, "t": 552.24, "r": 374.16, "b": 528.96 }, "text": "KIRK W. POMPER[p1.4.1], SHERI B. CRABTREE[p1.4.2], DESMOND R. LAYNE[p1.4.3], R. NEAL PETERSON[p1.4.4], JOSEPH MASABNI[p1.4.5], and DWIGHT WOLFE[p1.4.6]", "children": [ { "id": "p1.4.1", "order": 5, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 56.16, "t": 552.24, "r": 374.16, "b": 528.96 }, "text": "¹", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 14, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.4.2", "order": 6, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 56.16, "t": 552.24, "r": 374.16, "b": 528.96 }, "text": "²", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 41, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.4.3", "order": 7, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 56.16, "t": 552.24, "r": 374.16, "b": 528.96 }, "text": "³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 67, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.4.4", "order": 8, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 56.16, "t": 552.24, "r": 374.16, "b": 528.96 }, "text": "⁴", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 93, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.4.5", "order": 9, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 56.16, "t": 552.24, "r": 374.16, "b": 528.96 }, "text": "⁵", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 117, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.4.6", "order": 10, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 56.16, "t": 552.24, "r": 374.16, "b": 528.96 }, "text": "⁶", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 143, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.5", "order": 11, "type": "heading", "bbox": { "l": 195.84, "t": 521.76, "r": 235.68, "b": 511.92 }, "text": "Abstract", "attrs": { "block_label": "paragraph_title" }, "level": 3 }, { "id": "p1.6", "order": 12, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 33.36, "t": 509.76, "r": 397.2, "b": 336 }, "text": "The North American pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] is in the initial stages of commercial production. Two pawpaw variety trial orchards were established in Kentucky to evaluate the suitability of various varieties for this region. The first orchard was planted in the fall of 1995 in Princeton, at the University of Kentucky Research and Education Center (UKREC). A second orchard was planted in the spring of 1998 at the Kentucky State University (KSU) Research Farm in Frankfort. A randomized complete block design was used in both plantings with 8 replicates of 28 grafted cultivars and advanced selections. Cultivars being evaluated included ‘Middletown’, ‘Mitchell’, ‘NC-1’, ‘Overleese’, ‘PA-Golden’, ‘Sunflower’, ‘Taylor’, ‘Taytwo’, ‘Wells’, and ‘Wilson’. The other 18 clones were selections from the PawPaw Foundation (PPF) breeding effort. Trunk cross-sectional area, number of fruit per tree, fruit weight, cumulative yield, cumulative yield efficiency, number of fruit per cluster, growing degree days required for ripening, harvest peak, harvest duration (days), and biennial bearing index all varied significantly among cultivars and advanced selections 7 to 9 years after planting at both planting sites. Fruit weight varied greatly, with some clones averaging less than 100 g per fruit (“Middletown’, ‘Wilson’, and ‘Rappahannock’) and others averaging over 170 g per fruit (“Overleese’, 8-20, ‘NC-1’, ‘Susquehanna’, ‘Wabash’, 5-5, and ‘Potomac’). ‘PA-Golden’ and 2-10 were early ripening clones while ‘Middletown’ and 9-47 were late ripening clones. Cumulative yield varied greatly, with some cultivars and advanced selections exceeding 30 kg/tree. Cumulative yield efficiency ranged from 0.38 to 0.91 kg/cm² TCA. Based on fruit size yield, and availability, ‘Potomac’, ‘Susquehanna’, ‘Wabash’, ‘Overleese’, ‘Shenandoah’, ‘NC-1’, and ‘Sunflower’ can be recommended for production in this region. Additional PPF advanced selections that show promise are 10-35, 9-58, 2-10, 8-20, 5-5, and 1-68.", "attrs": { "block_label": "abstract" } }, { "id": "p1.7", "order": 13, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 33.36, "t": 325.92, "r": 211.92, "b": 215.76 }, "text": "The North American pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] is in the initial stages of commercial production in the United States (10, 21). Pawpaws can be grown successfully in USDA plant hardiness zones 5 (minimum of [p1.7.3]C) through 8 (minimum of [p1.7.4]C) (8). The pawpaw fruit has both fresh market and processing potential, with an intense flavor that resembles a combination of banana, mango, and pineapple.", "children": [ { "id": "p1.7.1", "order": 14, "type": "form_field", "bbox": { "l": 129.51, "t": 325.92, "r": 141.51, "b": 313.92 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "field_kind": "radio", "label": "C) through 8 (minimum of -7", "source": "glyph_estimate", "bbox_estimated": true, "text_offset": 222, "text_span": 0 } }, { "id": "p1.7.2", "order": 15, "type": "form_field", "bbox": { "l": 141.91, "t": 325.92, "r": 153.91, "b": 313.92 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "field_kind": "radio", "label": "C) (8). The pawpaw fruit has both fresh market and processi…", "source": "glyph_estimate", "bbox_estimated": true, "label_source": "parent_text", "label_ref": "p1.7", "text_offset": 255, "text_span": 0 } }, { "id": "p1.7.3", "order": 16, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 33.36, "t": 325.92, "r": 211.92, "b": 215.76 }, "text": "-29^{\\circ}", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 214, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p1.7.4", "order": 17, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 33.36, "t": 325.92, "r": 211.92, "b": 215.76 }, "text": "-7^{\\circ}", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 247, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.8", "order": 18, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 33.36, "t": 215.28, "r": 211.68, "b": 159.6 }, "text": "Pawpaws have dark maroon blossoms that occur singly on the previous year’s wood and produce one to nine carpels or one to nine fruited clusters (8, 21). Flowers are strongly protogynous and are likely self-incompatible (23). Pollination is performed by flies (Diptera) (23) and beetles (Nitidulidae) (8). Fruit set in the wild is usually low, possibly due to pollinator or resource limitations (9, 23). When ripe, the fruit softens and has a powerful aroma (11, 22). In some cultivars, there is a skin color change from green to green-yellow when the fruit ripens (e.g., ‘PA-Golden #1’). Flesh color of ripe fruit ranges from creamy white through bright yellow to shades of orange. In the fruit, there are two rows of seeds (12 to 20 seeds) that are brown and bean-shaped and may be up to 3 cm long." }, { "id": "p1.9", "order": 19, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 218.64, "t": 326.4, "r": 397.68, "b": 183.12 }, "text": "(23). Pollination is performed by flies (Diptera) (23) and beetles (Nitidulidae) (8). Fruit set in the wild is usually low, possibly due to pollinator or resource limitations (9, 23). When ripe, the fruit softens and has a powerful aroma (11, 22). In some cultivars, there is a skin color change from green to green-yellow when the fruit ripens (e.g., ‘PA-Golden #1’). Flesh color of ripe fruit ranges from creamy white through bright yellow to shades of orange. In the fruit, there are two rows of seeds (12 to 20 seeds) that are brown and bean-shaped and may be up to 3 cm long." }, { "id": "p1.10", "order": 20, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 218.88, "t": 182.4, "r": 397.68, "b": 160.08 }, "text": "Efforts to cultivate the pawpaw began early in the[p1.10.1] century (17, 24). Elite pawpaw", "children": [ { "id": "p1.10.1", "order": 21, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 218.88, "t": 182.4, "r": 397.68, "b": 160.08 }, "text": "20^{th}", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 50, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.11", "order": 22, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 33.6, "t": 150.48, "r": 397.92, "b": 124.8 }, "text": "[p1.11.1] Principal Investigator of Horticulture and Curator, USDA Clonal Germplasm Repository for Asimina species, Atwood Research Facility, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601-2355. To whom reprint requests should be addressed.", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.11.1", "order": 23, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 33.6, "t": 150.48, "r": 397.92, "b": 124.8 }, "text": "¹", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.12", "order": 24, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 34.08, "t": 124.56, "r": 397.44, "b": 107.28 }, "text": "[p1.12.1] Co-Investigator of Horticulture, Atwood Research Facility, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601-2355.", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.12.1", "order": 25, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 34.08, "t": 124.56, "r": 397.44, "b": 107.28 }, "text": "²", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.13", "order": 26, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 32.88, "t": 107.52, "r": 397.44, "b": 90 }, "text": "[p1.13.1] Associate Professor of Pomology and Extension Fruit Specialist, Dept. of Horticulture, Box 340375, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC 29634-0375", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.13.1", "order": 27, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 32.88, "t": 107.52, "r": 397.44, "b": 90 }, "text": "³", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.14", "order": 28, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 33.84, "t": 90.96, "r": 239.28, "b": 81.84 }, "text": "[p1.14.1] Peterson Pawpaws, P.O. Box 1011, Harpers Ferry, WV 25425", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.14.1", "order": 29, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 33.84, "t": 90.96, "r": 239.28, "b": 81.84 }, "text": "⁴", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.15", "order": 30, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 34.08, "t": 82.08, "r": 396.48, "b": 65.28 }, "text": "[p1.15.1] Assistant Professor, Fruit and Vegetable Specialist, Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Research & Education Ctr., P.O. Box 469, 1205 Hopkinsville Street, Princeton, KY 42445", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.15.1", "order": 31, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 34.08, "t": 82.08, "r": 396.48, "b": 65.28 }, "text": "⁵", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p1.16", "order": 32, "type": "footnote", "bbox": { "l": 32.64, "t": 64.8, "r": 397.44, "b": 47.04 }, "text": "[p1.16.1] Horticulture Research Specialist, Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Research & Education Ctr., P.O. Box 469, 1205 Hopkinsville Street, Princeton, KY 42445", "attrs": { "block_label": "footnote" }, "children": [ { "id": "p1.16.1", "order": 33, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 32.64, "t": 64.8, "r": 397.44, "b": 47.04 }, "text": "⁶", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 0, "text_span": 9, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] } ], "excluded_furniture": { "first": [], "last": [] } }