{
    "document_id": 15927,
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            "id": "p4.1",
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            "text": "clearing the forests for agriculture as the best pawpaw groves were found growing on the same fertile, well-drained, alluvial soils that were best suited to row crops (Sargent, 1890). By the 18th and 19th centuries, however, the pawpaw had become an established item of rural American life, figuring in poem, song, game and geographical place names (Thomson, 1974; Kluger, 1984). The pawpaw helped sustain settlers in time of harvest failure (Little, 1905), and fed the Lewis & Clark expedition in western Missouri in the fall of 1810 when their rations ran low on the return trip east (Kluger, 1984)."
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            "id": "p4.2",
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            "text": "Around 1900 interest in the pawpaw increased. A few pawpaw orchards were established, one in Danville, Indiana (in 1895 by James Little) and another in Charleston, West Virginia (ca 1910) (Amer. Genet. Assn., 1917). A national contest was held for the best pawpaws in 1916 as a means of calling attention to the pawpaw and of discovering superior pawpaw selections. The contest resulted in the identification of 7 superior new clones and of 14 already existing cultivars, and stimulated interest in the pawpaw (Amer. Genet. Assn., 1917). From 1917 to 1950 an additional 17 cultivars were selected and propagated, and large collections were built through seed and scion exchange by Buckman, Zimmerman, Hershey, and the Blandy Experimental Farm, in cooperation with numerous individuals whose names will never be known. During that period, breeding began on a small scale by Fairchild and Zimmerman (Flory, 1958). Since 1950, collections have been built by Davis, Hickman, Thatcher, Mansell, Peterson and others. The requirements of germination and seedling establishment were explicated by Little (1905), the U.S. Forest Service (1948), and Hershey (1957). The problems of transplantation were largely solved by Glaser (1961) and Hershey (1957). Successful methods of grafting and budding were reported by Davis (1974), Thomson (1974), and Hickman (1980). Selection indices have been proposed (Thomson, 1974; Ourecky and Slate, 1975). In 1974 Thomson brought together much of the original literature and published them in an anthology, including original solicitations from pawpaw growers."
        },
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            "id": "p4.3",
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            "text": "Pawpaw biology has been a matter of continuing interest, resulting in a variety of studies. Insect pollinators, pollination biology, and fruit set were observed and informally studied by Zimmerman (1938, 1940), McDaniel (1958), Kral (1960), Bartholomew (1962) and Davis (1974). More thorough studies of pollination and reproduction were performed by Willson and Schemske (1980), Lagrange and Elliot (1985), and Ambrose and Kevan (1990). Hybridization experiments between A. triloba and other Asimina species were performed by Zimmerman (1938, 1940), McDaniel (1970), and Swartz (Peterson, 1986). The nutritional composition of the fruit was studied by Langworthy and Holmes (1917) and by Peterson et al. (1982), while seed composition was studied by Matsui (1981). Observations on the occasional phenomenon of pawpaw toxicity were recorded by Barber (1905). Taxonomic studies of the genus, based on field observation of habit and ecology, were made by Small (1933), Uphopf (1933), and Kral (1960). Lampton studied the developmental morphology of the ovule and seed (1952, 1957), and experimented with endosperm tissue culture (1952). Mohana Rao (1982) studied the fruit and seed anatomy."
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