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            "text": "seed relative to the quantity of flesh is a major drawback. Manual preparation of the fruit for use in recipes also indicates that a high proportion of seeds is a problem. These were two of three problems mentioned by Frieda's Finest/Produce Specialties in their evaluation of unimproved pawpaws (pers. comm.)."
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            "text": "Perishability.",
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            "text": "The major reason given by the American Genetics Association in their contest announcement of 1916 for the failure of the pawpaw to be commercially marketed was the perishability of the fruit. This was also the major problem identified by Frieda's Finest/Produce Specialties. Perishability is a function of the fruits physiology and metabolism. Wardlaw and Leonard (1936) identified Asimina triloba as a climateric fruit. Abeles (unpublished, 1983) found that underripe fruit may be stored for 14 days at [p14.3.2]C without damage, and may then be brought to room temperature where it will proceed to ripen in 6 to 8 days. The fully ripe fruit remained edible for only 3 days at room temperature. At the peak of respiration, the fruit was observed to evolve ethylene at a rate of 40 microliters/kg/hr and carbon dioxide at a rate of nearly 200 microliters/kg/hr. Controlled atmospheric storage methods and semi-permeable plastic films have not been tried.",
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            "text": "Storage and handling.",
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            "text": "The pawpaw's flesh is soft and custardy and the skin is thin; thus the ripe fruit is easily bruised. To further complicate matters, mechanical bruising often leads to the formation of off-flavors after a day or two (although not invariably, depending on the clone). Although the presence of the large seeds diminishes bruising to an extent by contributing some mechanical strength to the fruit interior, this attribute is of little importance in the best fruits which have a very low percentage of seed. Some clones of pawpaw have a thicker, more leathery skin which offers some protection (Amer. Genet. Assn., 1917), but none approach the hard rind of certain varieties of the cherimoya."
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            "text": "Germination.",
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            "text": "The pawpaw propagates by means of seeds, rootsuckers, and possibly rhizomes. Germination is not inherently difficult. The major inconvenience is the slowness of germination which is imposed by seed dormancy combined with embryo immaturity. In storage the seed must not be allowed to dry out, and must be stratified (0-5°C) for 90-120 days (USDA-Forest Service, 1948), the length of period probably depending on the latitude of the accession. Germination is best in a well-drained, well-aerated soil with pH 5.5-7.0, and in temperatures fluctuating diurnally between 25° and 30° C. The author (unpublished) found on average, using seed from a variety of sources, that seed geminated most quickly and the radicle elongated most rapidly at 30° C, with the radicle emerging in 18 days (±6), the primary root growing to about 35 cm, and the epicotyl emerging on day 64 (±8). Germination is hypogeal and the plumule is extremely sensitive to direct sunlight, being easily killed by one day's exposure (Little, 1905; Hershey, 1957; Davis, 1974; Thomson, 1974). This sensitivity"
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