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            "text": "ground, thus preventing bottom ventilation, and impeding drainage. Our soil mix, though adequate when the crates are elevated, is too heavy, with too much water holding capacity, when the crates are placed directly on the ground. The loss of these 197 plants is particularly severe because the plants were a breeding experiment. They were the offspring of the 10 best clones out of 30, that were selected as being superior on the basis of statistical analysis of their fruiting characteristics of yield, size, flavor, and fleshiness. They were to be raised to fruiting (4 years for obovata) and then evaluated on those same characteristics before a final selection of parental material for hybridization with triloba. The lessons learned from these failures are the importance of perfect drainage, the need to better understand the soil and climate requirements of the southern species, and of maintaining close personal supervision of experiments."
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            "text": "Hybridization",
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            "id": "p3.3",
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            "text": "The purpose of the species collection is, of course, hybridization. The southern Asimina hybridize freely in the wild, and have a number of desirable traits we wish to incorporate into domesticated pawpaw varieties, namely thick skins (for improved handling), small seeds, precocious flowering, shorter stature, adaptability to dry and exposed sites, and greater pollination success (meaning improved yields) (Kral 1960). They also have a number of undesirable traits which we do not want, such as inferior flavor, small fruit size, high seed-to-fruit ratio, and lack of hardiness. To achieve these breeding goals will require repeated back-crossing."
        },
        {
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            "text": "We began hybridization in the spring of 1985 when 11 specimens of parviflora, pygmaea, longifolia, and obovata flowered. Approximately 40 cross-pollinations were made using those four species as the female and triloba as the male. Although initially many of the pollinations took, the young fruits soon aborted at a length of 5-10 mm. One pygmaea fruit did not abort, however, reached maturity, and produced five seeds. The hybrid seed was treated with standard methods of stratification and germination we use with the southern Asimina species. The seed was sown in May and should have germinated in July. However, as of September they have not germinated. And although Asimina are slow and irregular to germinate, this appears to be failure. The seed coats have split but no radicle has emerged. It may be a failure of the embryo to develop normally; the dissection of one seed failed to reveal an embryo."
        },
        {
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            "text": "Future Work",
            "attrs": {
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            "id": "p3.6",
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            "text": "Our immediate needs are to complete the germplasm collection. Foremost is our need to acquire the named varieties, such as Silver Creek, Sunflower, Taytwo, etc. We began chip budding this summer with moderate success. We will continue grafting and budding and perhaps the purchase of grafted varieties. We wish to replicate the named varieties at both nursery locations in eastern and western Maryland."
        },
        {
            "id": "p3.7",
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            "text": "We also need to replenish our stocks of southern Asimina which have been depleted. This may justify a trip to Florida next year when they are fruiting, to examine them in the wild, collect fruit for seed selectively, and to learn firsthand their natural growing conditions. Possibly, we need to consider a Florida site for maintaining these tender species, instead of relying on potted culture in Maryland."
        },
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            "text": "Lastly, we need to expand our triloba germplasm beyond what we have gathered from existing collections and named selections. The great majority of the present germplasm originates in the Midwest. We need to sample the genetic diversity across the geographic range of triloba. Exploration of disjunct populations in the south, west, and north may reveal special adaptation to extremes of heat, cold, and drought. Exploration that draws on the knowledge of specially interested individuals represented by such organizations as NNGA and NAFFX, may bring to light new clones of pawpaw with superior fruiting characteristics."
        },
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            "id": "p3.9",
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            "text": "Literature Cited",
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                    "id": "p3.10.1",
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                    "bbox": {
                        "l": 460.56,
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                        "r": 686.4,
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                    },
                    "text": "Allard, H. A. 1955. The native pawpaw. Atlantic Naturalist 10: 197-203.",
                    "attrs": {
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                    }
                },
                {
                    "id": "p3.10.2",
                    "order": 12,
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                    "bbox": {
                        "l": 460.56,
                        "t": 464.64,
                        "r": 675.36,
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                    },
                    "text": "Am. Genetics Assoc. 1917. The best papaws. J. of Hered. 8: 21-33.",
                    "attrs": {
                        "block_label": "reference_content"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "id": "p3.10.3",
                    "order": 13,
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                    "bbox": {
                        "l": 461.04,
                        "t": 456,
                        "r": 706.32,
                        "b": 447.36
                    },
                    "text": "Davis, Corwin. 1969. Hunting for better pawpaws. NNGA Report 60: 107-108.",
                    "attrs": {
                        "block_label": "reference_content"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "id": "p3.10.4",
                    "order": 14,
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                    "bbox": {
                        "l": 460.8,
                        "t": 448.08,
                        "r": 674.64,
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                    "text": "Davis, Corwin. 1975. The sunflower pawpaw. NNGA Report 65: 56.",
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                },
                {
                    "id": "p3.10.5",
                    "order": 15,
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                    "bbox": {
                        "l": 461.04,
                        "t": 439.92,
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                    },
                    "text": "Fairchild, David. 1939. The World Was My Garden.",
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                    }
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "id": "p3.11",
            "order": 16,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
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                "r": 744.24,
                "b": 414.48
            },
            "text": "Flory, W. S., Jr. 1958. Species and hybrids of Asimina in the northern Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. NNGA Report 49: 73-74.",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "reference_content"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p3.12",
            "order": 17,
            "type": "text",
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                "t": 414.72,
                "r": 743.76,
                "b": 397.92
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            "text": "Hickman, J. W. 1980. The tree time forgot? The Paw Paw. Illinois Sept.-Oct.: 23-25, 47-48.",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "reference_content"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p3.13",
            "order": 18,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 461.04,
                "t": 397.68,
                "r": 743.52,
                "b": 379.92
            },
            "text": "Kral, Robert. 1960. A revision of Asimina and Deeringothamnus (Annonacaea). Britonia 12:233-278.",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "reference_content"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p3.14",
            "order": 19,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 460.8,
                "t": 380.64,
                "r": 658.56,
                "b": 371.76
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            "text": "Pape, Edward. 1965. The Pawpaw. NNGA Report 56: 103-106.",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "reference_content"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p3.15",
            "order": 20,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 460.8,
                "t": 371.76,
                "r": 743.28,
                "b": 355.92
            },
            "text": "Thomson, P. H. The Paw Paw -- Brought up to date. Cal. Rare Fruit Growers Yearbook. Vol. 6.",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "reference_content"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p3.16",
            "order": 21,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 460.08,
                "t": 355.2,
                "r": 718.08,
                "b": 346.32
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            "text": "Zimmerman, G. A. 1941. Hybrids of the American Papaw. J. of Hered. 32: 83-91.",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "reference_content"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p3.17",
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            "text": "78",
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            "type": "footer",
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            "text": "Reprinted from the 77th Annual Report of The Northern Nut Growers Association, 1986.",
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