{ "document_id": 15926, "page": 1, "width_pt": 792, "height_pt": 612, "rotation": 90, "pipeline_version": "paddleocr-vl-1.6+paul-48", "engine": "paddleocr_vl", "source_run_id": 16035, "item_count": 19, "counts_by_type": { "figure": 1, "footer": 1, "heading": 2, "text": 14, "title": 1 }, "build_ms": 4, "items": [ { "id": "p1.1", "order": 1, "type": "figure", "bbox": { "l": 723.12, "t": 601.68, "r": 756.24, "b": 594.48 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "role": "page_header", "block_label": "header_image" } }, { "id": "p1.2", "order": 2, "type": "title", "bbox": { "l": 91.92, "t": 577.92, "r": 279.12, "b": 555.84 }, "text": "Research on the Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) at the University of Maryland", "attrs": { "block_label": "doc_title" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p1.3", "order": 3, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 140.4, "t": 547.2, "r": 230.64, "b": 508.08 }, "text": "R. NEAL PETERSON\nUSDA-ERS\nPO Box 23432\nWashington, DC 20026" }, { "id": "p1.4", "order": 4, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 54.96, "t": 500.4, "r": 313.68, "b": 396.48 }, "text": "When I moved here I didn't know anything about Dr. Allard, who used to own this property, or about his trees. I am a native New Yorker. I couldn't tell you a pawpaw tree from a mamma tree. The first year I was here, it was a mess; these big green fruits started falling out of the trees onto the grass. I didn't know what to think. I thought they were poisonous. New Yorkers just don't pick things up off the ground and put them in their mouths. But they smelled good! So the next year, though I still didn't know what they were, I decided to try one. It was wonderful! I didn't know if anyone else in the world had a tree like this. I didn't know that scientists were interested in them. I know I love them. I have at least one a day, for breakfast or late afternoon snack.", "attrs": { "block_label": "abstract" } }, { "id": "p1.5", "order": 5, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 57.84, "t": 397.92, "r": 310.56, "b": 386.64 }, "text": "from a conversation with Tana Ross about Dr. Allard's pawpaw, 1982." }, { "id": "p1.6", "order": 6, "type": "heading", "bbox": { "l": 158.4, "t": 379.2, "r": 209.52, "b": 369.6 }, "text": "Introduction", "attrs": { "block_label": "paragraph_title" }, "level": 3 }, { "id": "p1.7", "order": 7, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 38.88, "t": 361.2, "r": 327.36, "b": 257.28 }, "text": "Dr. Harry Swartz and I are cooperators in a long-term breeding project whose aim is to domesticate Asimina triloba, the North American pawpaw. It is an obvious candidate for domestication, being delicious, nutritious, and North America's largest edible native fruit. The idea is not original with us. The possibilities have been discussed since before 1916 when David Fairchild and Charles Deering (a founder of the NNGA) conceived of a national contest for \"The Best Papaws\" (Am. Genetics Assoc. 1917; Fairchild 1939). James A. Little talked about it in his 1905 phamphlet called The Pawpaw. Probably it was talked about earlier but never written down. The majority of the effort devoted toward pawpaw domestication has been chronicled in these pages (see NNGA vols. 29, 49, 53, 56, 60, 61, 65, 66, 73) and more recently in NAFFEX Pomona." }, { "id": "p1.8", "order": 8, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 38.4, "t": 258.96, "r": 325.68, "b": 183.6 }, "text": "On the basis of the work that other scholars have done in selecting superior clones from the wild, and in accumulating experience and observation about Asimina, Harry and I felt justified and inspired in 1982 to undertake a concerted research effort. We noted how most previous research was conducted outside of institutional settings, and had suffered from a lack of continuity, coordination, and sufficient resources. We reasoned that we could overcome those problems at the University of Maryland and could make a significant contribution towards domestication." }, { "id": "p1.9", "order": 9, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 37.44, "t": 185.28, "r": 325.44, "b": 126.72 }, "text": "The first priority in our research has been the assemblage of germplasm. This is fundamental, as no serious, systematic, scientific breeding can be done until that is accomplished. The majority of the work we report here concerns germplasm researches, which consists of three different projects: investigating old collections, expanding our nursery, and collecting related species of Asimina. We can also briefly report on some hybridization of Asimina and its attendant problems." }, { "id": "p1.10", "order": 10, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 176.88, "t": 110.88, "r": 187.2, "b": 102.72 }, "text": "73", "attrs": { "block_label": "number" } }, { "id": "p1.11", "order": 11, "type": "heading", "bbox": { "l": 490.08, "t": 571.68, "r": 717.84, "b": 559.68 }, "text": "Investigating Pawpaw Collections of Historic Significance", "attrs": { "block_label": "paragraph_title" }, "level": 3 }, { "id": "p1.12", "order": 12, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 459.84, "t": 552.96, "r": 746.4, "b": 448.32 }, "text": "In the first half of the 20th century, according to the literature, 22 different clones of pawpaw were selected and named and sometimes disseminated to other growers (Am. Genetics Assoc. 1917; Zimmerman 1941). Since World War II another 18 clones have been selected, named and sometimes disseminated (Pape 1965; Davis 1969; Davis 1975; Hickman 1980; and personal communications). In addition, it is clear from the literature that Buckman, Zimmerman, Hershey, and the Blandy Experimental Farm assembled large collections of pawpaw that included many named varieties of their time and also many unnamed selections (Flory 1958; Thomson 1974). Allard's collection, mentioned only once in the literature, was small but interesting (Allard 1955). Locating, salvaging, and evaluating these collections has been our first and major task." }, { "id": "p1.13", "order": 13, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 460.08, "t": 450.48, "r": 745.68, "b": 402 }, "text": "Finding these sites required a great deal of sleuthing: rummaging through old library records (such as 1890 Platt Books), correlating the old maps with recent ones, inquiring with county agents and local residents as to the properties' whereabouts, and talking with present owners of the land. Invariably, I have encountered interest and cooperation in the search." }, { "id": "p1.14", "order": 14, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 459.36, "t": 403.92, "r": 745.92, "b": 327.6 }, "text": "The Buckman collection of Farmingdale, IL, is the earliest “surviving” collection, dating to the turn of the century (Am. Genetics Assoc. 1917). Buckman was a nurseryman, primarily a breeder of apples and pears (incidentally the originator of the Farmingdale pear, still in use today for rootstock), but interested in all manner of fruit and nut trees. A catalog of his fruit and nut trees lists 1,743 varieties of 20 different species, and contains 12 varieties of pawpaw (David Robson, Sangamon County (IL) extension advisor, personal communication). None of these pawpaws are now found in cultivation, unfortunately." }, { "id": "p1.15", "order": 15, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 458.88, "t": 329.28, "r": 744, "b": 216 }, "text": "I have known about Buckman since 1977, but was unable to travel there and collect fruit until 1984. Exploration of the property revealed that little of the original plantings remain, only some trees (hickory, walnut, pear, apple, etc.) on a ten acre tract around the house. Pawpaws are found growing in the woods near the house in three different patches. Are any of these original trees, or suckers thereof? It is impossible to say. There is no evidence of rows or other nursery practice. In the absence of Buckman's records we can only presume that these are descendants of some of his original pawpaws. The best trees were found in patch \"No. 2,\" eight of which I labelled, BB-2a through BB-2h. Their fruit tended to be large (up to 12 oz.), relatively less seedy, as little as 8% seed by weight (14% is the species average), and above average in flavor. We collected fruit for seed, and may later collect scionwood." }, { "id": "p1.16", "order": 16, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 458.16, "t": 217.68, "r": 743.76, "b": 142.32 }, "text": "The next collection in time belonged to Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, a member of the NNGA, who collected pawpaws from 1917 to his death in 1941. Much of his material derived from Buckman and from the contest of 1916. In all, his collection numbered sixty or seventy varieties. The present-day property contains many pawpaw trees, some quite old, some in rows, and some scattered about. The fruit quality is not especially good, but that may be due to the poor rocky soil and dense shade. Forty-six trees of fruiting size have been labelled GAZ-1 through GAZ-46." }, { "id": "p1.17", "order": 17, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 458.4, "t": 144.24, "r": 744.24, "b": 113.04 }, "text": "Harry and I have collected from the old Zimmerman property numerous times since my first visit in 1980. On our trip to Zimmerman's in September 1984, we discovered that a tract had been completely cleared, destroying a row of 15" }, { "id": "p1.18", "order": 18, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 596.4, "t": 105.12, "r": 606.96, "b": 97.44 }, "text": "74", "attrs": { "block_label": "number" } }, { "id": "p1.19", "order": 19, "type": "footer", "bbox": { "l": 318.72, "t": 88.8, "r": 327.36, "b": 81.6 }, "text": "f", "attrs": { "block_label": "footer" } } ], "excluded_furniture": { "first": [], "last": [] } }