{ "document_id": 15921, "page": 4, "width_pt": 603, "height_pt": 783, "rotation": 0, "pipeline_version": "paddleocr-vl-1.6+paul-48", "engine": "paddleocr_vl", "source_run_id": 16032, "item_count": 37, "counts_by_type": { "caption": 2, "figure": 5, "footer": 5, "formula": 1, "header": 2, "text": 22 }, "build_ms": 6, "items": [ { "id": "p4.1", "order": 1, "type": "header", "bbox": { "l": 48.4458, "t": 775.0887, "r": 183.2794, "b": 762.1229 }, "text": "🌤️ 🌳 🌳 🌳", "attrs": { "block_label": "header" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p4.2", "order": 2, "type": "figure", "bbox": { "l": 296.0338, "t": 772.2318, "r": 306.5375, "b": 761.2439 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "role": "page_header", "block_label": "header_image" } }, { "id": "p4.3", "order": 3, "type": "header", "bbox": { "l": 419.7206, "t": 775.5282, "r": 558.8415, "b": 761.9032 }, "text": "□ □ □ □", "attrs": { "block_label": "header" }, "level": 2 }, { "id": "p4.4", "order": 4, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 67.0953, "t": 707.403, "r": 297.5343, "b": 566.0982 }, "text": "to nonshaded plants (Fig. 1A). Average plant leaf area also showed a similar quadradic response to shading, as did total leaf area (data not presented), but with greater average leaf area in plants with 33% or 56% shading, and reduced leaf area at 98% shading, compared to nonshaded plants (Fig. 1B). Average plant SLW declined with shading, showing a quadratic response curve (Fig. 1C). Shoot, root, lateral root, and plant DW were similar with 0%, 33%, or 56% shading, but declined with 81% or 98% shading, resulting in a quadratic response curve to shading (Fig. 2A, B, and C). Total shoot DW was greater in plants with 33% shading compared to nonshaded plants (Fig. 2A). Root to shoot ratio of control plants was reduced with shading of 33%, 56%, or 81% compared to nonshaded plants, but increased in plants with 98% shading, showing a quadratic response curve (Fig. 2D)." }, { "id": "p4.5", "order": 5, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 303.7508, "t": 707.403, "r": 535.2616, "b": 586.316 }, "text": "shoot DW, root DW, lateral root DW, and total plant DW. Leaf number and average SLW were similar in control and [p4.5.1]-treated plants (Fig 1A and B). Cupric hydroxide treated plants had decreased average leaf area at 33% shading, compared to nontreated plants (Fig. 1C). Although not significant, there was a trend toward a reduction in shoot DW in[p4.5.2] treated plants at 0% or 33% shading compared to nontreated plants (Fig. 2A). Root DW and lateral root DW were reduced in [p4.5.3]-treated plants at 0% shading compared to nontreated plants (Fig. 2B). Total plant DW was reduced in [p4.5.4]-treated plants at 0% shading compared to nontreated plants (Fig. 2B). Root to shoot ratio was similar in [p4.5.5]-treated and nontreated plants (Fig. 2D).", "children": [ { "id": "p4.5.1", "order": 6, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 303.7508, "t": 707.403, "r": 535.2616, "b": 586.316 }, "text": "Cu(OH)₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 112, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p4.5.2", "order": 7, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 303.7508, "t": 707.403, "r": 535.2616, "b": 586.316 }, "text": "Cu(OH)₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 350, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p4.5.3", "order": 8, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 303.7508, "t": 707.403, "r": 535.2616, "b": 586.316 }, "text": "Cu(OH)₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 480, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p4.5.4", "order": 9, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 303.7508, "t": 707.403, "r": 535.2616, "b": 586.316 }, "text": "Cu(OH)₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 589, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p4.5.5", "order": 10, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 303.7508, "t": 707.403, "r": 535.2616, "b": 586.316 }, "text": "Cu(OH)₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 703, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p4.6", "order": 11, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 304.1795, "t": 586.316, "r": 534.8329, "b": 505.4448 }, "text": "Leaf chl a, b, p, and total chl concentration was not affected by shading of plants that did not have containers treated with Cu(OH)₂; however, chl a to b ratio showed a negative linear response to increasing shading (Fig. 3). In contrast, Cu(OH)₂-treated plants showed a negative linear response to shading on leaf chl a, b, p, and total chl concentration (Fig. 3). Leaf chl a, b, p, and total chl concentration in Cu(OH)₂-treated plants were all lower than non-treated plants under 33%, 56%, or 81% shading (Fig. 3)." }, { "id": "p4.7", "order": 12, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 66.8809, "t": 566.318, "r": 297.7487, "b": 534.6727 }, "text": "Plants in containers treated with[p4.7.1] also showed a similar quadratic response to shading to that of nontreated plants in terms of leaf number, average leaf area, total leaf area, average plant SLW,", "children": [ { "id": "p4.7.1", "order": 13, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 66.8809, "t": 566.318, "r": 297.7487, "b": 534.6727 }, "text": "Cu(OH)₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 33, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p4.8", "order": 14, "type": "caption", "bbox": { "l": 69.2389, "t": 526.1022, "r": 298.3918, "b": 400.1805 }, "text": "Fig. 2. Effect of shading and treatment of containers with (open symbols) and without (closed symbols) cupric hydroxide [Cu(OH)[p4.8.1]] on biomass production by pawpaw seedlings grown in the greenhouse. (A) Shoot DW of plants with (y = 2.670 + 0.049x - 0.001x^2, R^2 = 0.98, P = 0.001) and without Cu(OH) [p4.8.2](y = 3.409 + 0.046x - 0.001x^2, R^2 = 0.96, P = 0.001), (B) total root DW in plants with (y = 2.842 + 0.028x - 0.001x^2, R^2 = 0.98, P = 0.001) and without Cu(OH) [p4.8.3](y = 3.207 - 0.002x - 0.001x^2, R^2 = 0.96, P = 0.003), and for lateral root DW for plants with (y = 0.549 + 0.006x - 0.001x^2, R^2 = 0.97, P < 0.001) and without Cu(OH)[p4.8.4] (y = 0.710 - 0.001x - 0.001x^2 R^2 = 0.98, P < 0.007), (C) total plant DW in plants with (y = 5.512 + 0.770x - 0.001x^2, R^2 = 0.96, P = 0.001) and without Cu(OH) [p4.8.5](y = 6.616 + 0.043x - 0.001x^2, R^2 = 0.96, P = 0.001), and (D) root to shoot ratio in plants with and without Cu(OH) [p4.8.6](y = 1.016 - 0.019x + 0.001x^2, R^2 = 0.57, P = 0.004). Each symbol is the mean of two blocks ± SE. [p4.8.7]Indicates that means were significantly different between Cu(OH)[p4.8.8] treated and nontreated plants using an unpaired t test (P < 0.05, n = 2).", "attrs": { "block_label": "figure_title" }, "children": [ { "id": "p4.8.1", "order": 15, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 69.2389, "t": 526.1022, "r": 298.3918, "b": 400.1805 }, "text": "₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 127, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p4.8.2", "order": 16, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 69.2389, "t": 526.1022, "r": 298.3918, "b": 400.1805 }, "text": "₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 306, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p4.8.3", "order": 17, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 69.2389, "t": 526.1022, "r": 298.3918, "b": 400.1805 }, "text": "₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 477, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p4.8.4", "order": 18, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 69.2389, "t": 526.1022, "r": 298.3918, "b": 400.1805 }, "text": "₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 654, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p4.8.5", "order": 19, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 69.2389, "t": 526.1022, "r": 298.3918, "b": 400.1805 }, "text": "₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 826, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p4.8.6", "order": 20, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 69.2389, "t": 526.1022, "r": 298.3918, "b": 400.1805 }, "text": "₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 952, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p4.8.7", "order": 21, "type": "formula", "bbox": { "l": 69.2389, "t": 526.1022, "r": 298.3918, "b": 400.1805 }, "text": "^{*}", "attrs": { "latex": "^{*}", "inline": true, "text_offset": 1060, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true, "notation": "latex", "alt": "to the power of *", "mathml": "*" } }, { "id": "p4.8.8", "order": 22, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 69.2389, "t": 526.1022, "r": 298.3918, "b": 400.1805 }, "text": "₂", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 1132, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p4.9", "order": 23, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 304.3939, "t": 505.0053, "r": 535.0473, "b": 404.5756 }, "text": "OUTDOOR STUDY (EXPT. 2). Incident light levels were reduced by 28%, 51%, 81%, and 98% for the 30%, 55%, 80%, and 95% shade fabric treatments, respectively (Table 1). Red to far-red light ratio was the same for all treatments; however, UV irradiance declined with increased shading (Table 1). Average daily air temperature was higher in the 95% shade treatment, than in the other shade treatments. Incident light levels (PPF) were about 10% higher outdoors than in the greenhouse and UV light levels were [p4.9.1]2-fold higher outdoors than in the greenhouse. Air temperature was [p4.9.2]5 °C higher in the greenhouse than outdoors.", "children": [ { "id": "p4.9.1", "order": 24, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 304.3939, "t": 505.0053, "r": 535.0473, "b": 404.5756 }, "text": "≈", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 504, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } }, { "id": "p4.9.2", "order": 25, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 304.3939, "t": 505.0053, "r": 535.0473, "b": 404.5756 }, "text": "≈", "attrs": { "inline": true, "text_offset": 579, "text_span": 8, "bbox_estimated": true } } ] }, { "id": "p4.10", "order": 26, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 372.561, "t": 403.6966, "r": 535.2616, "b": 113.6152 }, "text": "In plants grown outdoors, leaf number showed a quadratic response to increasing shade level, with plants showing increased leaf number at 28%, 51%, or 81% shading over nonshaded plants (Fig. 4A). Plants in the 98% shade level produced the fewest leaves. Plants were taller under 28%, 51%, or 81% shading than in nonshaded plants (unpaired t test, P < 0.05, n = 2, Fig. 4A). Leaf area was greater at 28%, 51%, or 81% shading than in nonshaded plants; plants at 95% shading had reduced leaf area compared to nonshaded plants (unpaired t test, P < 0.05, n = 2; Fig. 4B). Average plant SLW declined with shading, showing a quadratic response curve (Fig. 4C). Total shoot, root, and plant DW increased under 28%, 51%, or 81% shading, but declined with 98% shading, resulting in a quadratic response curve to shading (Fig. 5A, B, and C). Root to shoot ratio was reduced only at 81% shading when compared to nonshaded plants (Fig. 5D). Seedlings showed a positive quadratic response to shading for leaf chl a, p, and total chl concentration (Fig. 6A). Leaf chl b concentration increased with 28%, 51%, or 81% shading (Fig. 6A). In contrast to plants grown in the greenhouse, there was a positive linear response in chl a to b ratio with increased shading outdoors (Fig. 6B)." }, { "id": "p4.11", "order": 27, "type": "figure", "bbox": { "l": 64.5229, "t": 389.4123, "r": 215.8624, "b": 247.2285 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "kind": "chart", "block_label": "chart" } }, { "id": "p4.12", "order": 28, "type": "figure", "bbox": { "l": 223.1507, "t": 386.7752, "r": 369.9886, "b": 244.8111 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "kind": "chart", "block_label": "chart" } }, { "id": "p4.13", "order": 29, "type": "figure", "bbox": { "l": 64.0942, "t": 240.6357, "r": 216.2911, "b": 92.9579 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "kind": "chart", "block_label": "chart" } }, { "id": "p4.14", "order": 30, "type": "figure", "bbox": { "l": 219.0779, "t": 240.6357, "r": 369.5599, "b": 91.8591 }, "text": "", "attrs": { "kind": "chart", "block_label": "chart" } }, { "id": "p4.15", "order": 31, "type": "text", "bbox": { "l": 373.2041, "t": 112.9559, "r": 534.8329, "b": 81.5305 }, "text": "About 4 weeks after the seedlings were placed outdoors, nonshaded seedlings in one block were completely defoliated by caterpil" }, { "id": "p4.16", "order": 32, "type": "caption", "bbox": { "l": 203.0007, "t": 91.6393, "r": 253.5901, "b": 79.3329 }, "text": "Shade (%)", "attrs": { "block_label": "figure_title" } }, { "id": "p4.17", "order": 33, "type": "footer", "bbox": { "l": 66.6665, "t": 63.9498, "r": 76.9559, "b": 54.2804 }, "text": "16", "attrs": { "block_label": "number" } }, { "id": "p4.18", "order": 34, "type": "footer", "bbox": { "l": 387.3519, "t": 63.9498, "r": 536.3335, "b": 53.6211 }, "text": "J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 127(1):13–19. 2002.", "attrs": { "block_label": "footer" } }, { "id": "p4.19", "order": 35, "type": "footer", "bbox": { "l": 43.5155, "t": 26.5908, "r": 69.0245, "b": 18.8992 }, "text": "8901-Dev", "attrs": { "block_label": "footer" } }, { "id": "p4.20", "order": 36, "type": "footer", "bbox": { "l": 296.4625, "t": 22.4154, "r": 306.1088, "b": 11.2077 }, "text": "⚫", "attrs": { "block_label": "number" } }, { "id": "p4.21", "order": 37, "type": "footer", "bbox": { "l": 362.9147, "t": 27.2501, "r": 412.0036, "b": 18.6795 }, "text": "11/12/01, 10:36 AM", "attrs": { "block_label": "footer" } } ], "excluded_furniture": { "first": [], "last": [] } }