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            "text": "(Willson and Schmeske, 1980). This is a mechanism which can force out-crossing.\n\nNative stands of pawpaw may be genetically identical as they spread by root suckers.\n\nSince pawpaws are believed to require cross-pollination, if genetically different patches or genotypes are not close enough for cross-pollination, fruit set in isolated patches could be low. Willson and Schemske (1980) examined flowering, pollination, and fruit production in a native Illinois pawpaw patch and found a large number of flowers (up to 500 per stem), but low fruit set, ranging from 0.01% to 1.38%. These authors suggested that the low fruit set may have been due to low light levels and thus a low rate of photosynthesis. Pawpaws are primarily pollinated by flies and beetles (Faegri and van der Piji, 1971). Limited availability of pollinators is also a contributing factor to low fruit set. Lagrange and Tramer (1985) also reported poor fruit set in wild pawpaw patches (3.4%). These authors also noted that pollinators were rarely observed visiting flowers in their study. Lagrange and Tramer (1985) also found that trunk diameter and tree height were not correlated with flower or fruit production. Low fruit set was also observed in Asimina obovata and A. pygmaea in Florida (Norman and Clayton, 1986). Fruit set did not exceed 16% without hand-pollination. With hand-pollination, A. obovata attained 32% fruit set, and 60% of A. pygmaea flowers set fruit. While hand-pollination improved fruit set, it was not high enough to lead the authors to believe that pollen transfer was the only problem leading to low fruit set in these Asimina species. The authors concluded that maternal resources also restricted fruit set in A. pygmaea and A. obovata. Fruit set in pawpaw has not been examined where many different genotypes are known to be nearby for cross-pollination.\nThere are approximately 40 commercially available pawpaw cultivars (Jones et al., 1998). Unfortunately, many pawpaw cultivars that were selected from 1900-1950 have been lost due to collection abandonment or neglect (Peterson, 2003). Improvements in fruit size, flavor, texture, storability, color break at ripening, early and/or late ripening, late flowering to avoid spring frosts, concentrated flowering time, concentrated ripening time, high fruit set, more single fruited clusters, and high fruit yields would be desirable in breeding efforts for new pawpaw cultivars. Variation in the above traits may be contained in the accessions in the repository collection at KSU."
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