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            "text": "indolebutyric acid (IBA) application (31% rooting), reaching maximum success at 2500 ppm IBA applied in a lanolin paste (81%) (Sharma and Rosanglura, 1987). A later study conducted in Georgia by Wood (1989) found that girdling was essential to the rooting of pecan in mound layering. Approximately 46% of girdled shoots with no IBA application rooted, and 100% of girdled shoots treated with 3000 or 6000 ppm IBA in a lanolin paste produced roots. None of the ungirdled shoots rooted, regardless of IBA concentration. The author concluded that girdling triggered rooting in mound layered pecans, whereas IBA increased rooting percentages.\n\nIn a study by Rashid (1978) examining the effect of plant growth regulators in walnut stooling, it was found that some form of auxin applied to shoots was essential for rooting. Combinations of three concentrations of three auxins (IAA, IBA, and NAA) were examined in this study, with all shoots being girdled by cutting a 2-5 cm ring in the bark. The treatment combinations most successful at promoting rooting in walnut layers were 5,000 ppm IAA + 10,000 ppm IBA + 5,000 ppm NAA; 0 IAA + 10,000 ppm IBA + 5,000 ppm NAA; and 10,000 ppm IAA + 10,000 ppm IBA + 5,000 ppm NAA, all with 100% rooting. No control shoots produced roots.\n\nOne reason mound layering can be a successful method of propagating otherwise difficult-to-root plant species is because the process of constantly cutting the mother plant back to near the base causes rejuvenation of the plant. Shoots arising from nearer the base or roots of a plant are ontogenetically more juvenile and thus may have a greater rooting capacity than ontogenetically more mature tissue, such as cuttings taken from the shoot tips (Hartmann et al., 1997). Therefore shoots used in mound layering, since they emerge from buds near the base of the plant, have a more juvenile character and may provide a method of rooting plants which may be difficult or impossible to root under other propagation systems. Juvenility plays a major role on adventitious rooting in pawpaw. Mature pawpaw stem cuttings are extremely difficult to root, while more juvenile cuttings (2 months old or younger) root more easily (Finneseth, 1997; Geneve, unpublished data).\n\nSince pawpaw roots easily produce adventitious shoots forming root suckers, it would seem likely that the development of stooling beds for clonal propagation of",
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            "text": "Since pawpaw roots easily produce adventitious shoots forming root suckers, it would seem likely that the development of stooling beds for clonal propagation of pawpaw via mound layering has great potential. Our hypotheses for this project were"
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