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            "id": "p53.1",
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            "text": "Chapter 4 – The Influence of Juvenility and IBA Concentration on Rooting of the North American Pawpaw in a Mound Layering System",
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            "text": "Introduction",
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            "text": "Pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] is a tree fruit native to the eastern and Midwestern United States (Callaway, 1990). The pawpaw belongs to the Annonaceae, or custard apple family, with Asimina being the only temperate genus in this family (Kral, 1960). Pawpaw fruit are large, with a texture ranging from firm and avocado-like to soft and pudding-like. The flavor resembles a blend of several fruits, including mango, banana, melon, and pineapple. The fruit also contain high levels of many vitamins and minerals (Peterson, 1990). Pawpaw is a medium-sized tree, reaching 5 to 10 meters in size (Dirr, 1990), and are usually found growing in the forest understory (Lagrange and Tramer, 1985). The pawpaw naturally produces many root suckers and can form large thickets or patches (Kral, 1960). The pawpaw is being investigated as a new alternative crop for farmers in Kentucky and elsewhere in the southeastern U.S. (Layne, 1996; Pomper and Layne, 2004)."
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            "text": "Kentucky State University in Frankfort, Kentucky, was designated as the site of the USDA National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Asimina spp. in 1994 (Pomper et al., 2003). As a repository site, it is important to build and maintain a diverse collection of plant material, and investigating new forms of propagation to enhance the collection is a high priority. Methods to propagate pawpaw on its own roots are of special interest.\n\nSuperior genotypes must be propagated true to type, and it would be preferable to develop a method of propagating currently grafted trees on their own roots rather than grafting onto a seedling rootstock, so valuable germplasm would not be lost due to scion dieback because of winter injury or storm damage. Also, propagating pawpaw varieties on their own roots would eliminate the high degree of variability in vigor imparted by seedling rootstocks."
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            "text": "Pawpaw is difficult to clonally propagate by most conventional methods. Propagation methods such as stem cuttings, root cuttings, and tissue culture (Finneseth et al., 1997), as well as air layering (KSU, unpublished) have been investigated as possible propagation methods for pawpaw, and none have been entirely successful for propagation from both juvenile and mature tissue sources (Geneve et al., 1999). Currently, pawpaw"
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            "text": "41",
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