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            "text": "Shoots treated with either 15,000 ppm IBA and 30,000 ppm IBA rooted at approximately 12%. No control shoots produced roots. However, IBA concentration did not have a significant effect on average number of roots per rooted stem or root length."
        },
        {
            "id": "p48.2",
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            "text": "Discussion",
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            "text": "This study confirmed the importance of juveniley in the rooting of pawpaw, with about two to six times as many of the more juvenile shoots producing roots, compared to the more mature shoots. Shoots from grafted trees were also difficult to root. Plant material used in chip budding is mature tissue, and mature pawpaw cuttings have proven extremely difficult to root in the past (Finneseth, 1997; Geneve, unpublished data). Preliminary data also shows that longer-term auxin application via wick may enhance rooting of pawpaw shoots. Other difficult-to-root plants often respond better in cutting propagation to an auxin solution soak rather than a quick-dip, because more auxin may penetrate the stem tissue (Hartmann et al., 1997)."
        },
        {
            "id": "p48.4",
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            "text": "IBA application to pawpaw shoots was also found to enhance rooting. However, no differences were seen between the two levels of IBA in either year. Therefore, higher concentrations of IBA, and possibly combinations of different auxins could be attempted to optimize rooting in pot layered pawpaws. Finneseth (1997) found that IBA concentrations above 40,000 ppm were damaging to pawpaw stem tissue, causing necrosis and failure to root. Therefore, IBA concentrations up to 40,000 ppm could be attempted. However, it does appear that some auxin application is essential to rooting of pot layered pawpaws, as no wounded control shoots produced roots in any of these three studies."
        },
        {
            "id": "p48.5",
            "order": 5,
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            "text": "Some shoots in the 2003 preliminary seedling experiment were not covered deeply enough to be completely etiolated, which could have inhibited rooting. Etiolation has been shown to promote rooting in other fruit and nut crops, such as apple (Delargy and Wright, 1978) and chestnut (Biricolti et al., 1994). Approximately 20% of the shoots of one-year-old seedlings appeared to be slightly etiolated, but not completely white in color. The base of these only slightly etiolated shoots were buried only about 5 cm. It appears that at that depth, enough light penetrates to prevent complete etiology, as shoots that were buried deeper were completely etiolated. However, care was taken in the 2004 follow-up study to bury shoots deeply and etiology was achieved on all shoots."
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            "text": "36",
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