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            "text": "mature sources, such as branch tips. This concept is illustrated in the cone of juvenility (Hartmann et al., 1997). Since plant shoots utilized in mound layering come from severely pruned mother plants, and emerge from buds near the base of the plant, these shoots will have a more vigorous, juvenile character and may be easier to root. The same would apply to pot layering and trench layering, if plants are pruned back to the 2-3 buds nearest the base of the plant."
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            "text": "Many examples exist in the literature demonstrating the effect of maturity on adventitious rooting. A study comparing cuttings taken from one-year-old seedlings, cuttings from 3-year-old plants, and cuttings taken from previously rooted, immature cuttings of Persoonia virgata found 32.4% of cuttings from young seedlings rooted; 36.7% of cuttings taken from juvenile rooted cuttings produced roots, and only 3.2% of cuttings from mature sources rooted (Bauer et al., 1999). The researchers found both anatomical and chemical barriers to rooting in mature cuttings. Extensive fibers were found in the phloem of mature cuttings, whereas juvenile cuttings had limited phloem fiber bands. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the researchers found several unknown compounds in the leaves that were present in higher levels in mature cuttings than in juvenile cuttings. These compounds could be potential rooting inhibitors. A study by Swamy et al. (2002) investigated the effects of maturity and auxin application on rooting of Robinia pseudoacacia found that cuttings from mature trees were not only more difficult to root, but that juvenile cuttings also responded better to auxin application. A study on the effects of IBA and juvenileity on the rooting of Rhamnus caroliniana softwood cuttings also found a significant interaction between the effects of IBA and juvenileity (Graves, 2002). Juvenile cuttings rooted at 88% when treated with 3000 ppm IBA, compared to only 17% of mature stem cuttings rooting at the same IBA concentration. Higher levels of IBA were able to induce rooting even in the mature cuttings, with 70% of cuttings producing roots at 8000 ppm IBA."
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            "text": "Endogenous rooting inhibitors have been found in chestnut leaves from biologically mature and juvenile sources (Vieitez and Ballester, 1988). Plant compounds extracted from the leaves that were separated by HPLC indicated the presence of two ellagic acid derivatives, 3,3′4-tri-0-methyllellagic acid, and 3,4,4′tri-0-methylellagic acid. The first compound was found to have inhibiting effects on root initiation by"
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