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            "text": "roots stocks. Shoots in both layering systems were wounded and treated with 8000 ppm IBA. Trench layering was performed by bending branches of one-year-old wood and pegging them into a trench. Treatments were then applied. Air layered MM106 shoots rooted at 77.5%, while 100% of trench layered MM106 shoots produced roots. There were no significant differences in treatments in the other two rootstocks.\n\nPot layering and air layering are two propagation methods that have been attempted with Annona squamosa (Venkataratanam and Satyanaranaswamy, 1956). To conduct pot layering, one year old plants were cut to expose a tongue near the base of the plant, which was then covered with another pot filled with soil. Shoots were gradually separated after 4 to 5 months. Air layers were formed by girdling one-year-old shoots and covering with soil packed around it and tied around the shoot. The authors reported 2.57% success with pot layering and only 0.69% rooting with air layering and concluded that there was no method superior at that time to budding in the propagation of A. squamosa.\n\nHowever, George and Nissen (1986) had greater success in the layering of Annona cherimola. One-year-old seedlings were cut back in summer, and when new shoots emerged, a growth constrictor ring was placed around the base to girdle the shoots. The shoots were then covered with a 1:1 sand:sawdust mixture contained in a polyethylene sleeve. These authors reported 100% rooting of shoots within 4-5 months of treatment.\n\nAir layering has been attempted in pawpaw with no success in obtaining roots (KSU, unpublished data). Other layering methods such as stooling, pot layering and trench layering to clonally propagate pawpaw have not been reported in the literature.\n\nJuvenility\n\nAnother way layering works to overcome a plant’s difficulty in rooting is by rejuvenating the stock plants (Couvillion, 1988; Howard et al., 1988). Plant material taken from mature sources often has reduced rooting capabilities, and this has been found to be true in pawpaw as well (Finneseth, 1997; Geneve, unpublished data). Lack of adventitious rooting due to maturity can be overcome by rejuvenating the plant. Shoots that emerge from nearest the base of the plant are ontogentially more juvenile, and usually have greater rooting capacity than plant material from ontogenetically more",
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