{
    "document_id": 15918,
    "page": 23,
    "width_pt": 612,
    "height_pt": 792,
    "rotation": 0,
    "pipeline_version": "paddleocr-vl-1.6+paul-48",
    "engine": "paddleocr_vl",
    "source_run_id": 16030,
    "item_count": 2,
    "counts_by_type": {
        "footer": 1,
        "text": 1
    },
    "build_ms": 1,
    "items": [
        {
            "id": "p23.1",
            "order": 1,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 106.56,
                "t": 718.8,
                "r": 542.88,
                "b": 92.16
            },
            "text": "A study by Solar et al. (1994) investigating stooling of hazelnut, a difficult-to-root nut species, found that mound layering of girdled shoots was successful on both one-year-old woody shoots and the current year's \"green\" shoots. One-year-old woody stems were girdled in February by tying a copper wire around the base of the shoot. The current season's stems were girdled in late May using the same method, and all were covered with soil. This study found that 40% of the current year's girdled shoots rooted well enough in the mound layering system to be planted that year, and another 35-45% of the shoots were capable of transplanting the following year. Stooling of one-year-old woody stems resulted in 57% rooting.\n\nAnother difficult-to-root nut species in which mound layering has been successful is pecan. Pecans, like pawpaw, are extremely difficult to root and are often propagated as a scion cultivar grafted onto a seedling rootstock (Wood, 1989). A study conducted in India (Sharma and Rosanglura, 1987) utilized one-year-old pecan shoots, cut back to 10 cm above ground level. In June, a 2-3 cm ring was cut into the bark of the shoots, and a lanolin paste containing either no IBA or 2500 ppm IBA was applied to the ringed area. This area was covered in sphagnum moss, and the entire plant was covered with soil. Upon unearthing the plants the following January, it was found that even with no IBA application, the pecan shoots reached 31% rooting, and at 2500 ppm IBA, 81% of shoots produced roots.\n\nIn a study by Rashid (1978) examining the effect of plant growth regulators in walnut stooling, it was found that some form of auxin applied to shoots was essential for rooting. Combinations of three concentrations of three auxins (0, 5,000 ppm, and 10,000 ppm; and IAA, IBA, and NAA in all possible combinations) were examined in this study, and the treatment combination most successful at promoting rooting in walnut layers was 5,000 ppm IAA + 10,000 ppm IBA + 5,000 ppm NAA; 0 IAA + 10,000 ppm IBA + 5,000 ppm NAA; and 10,000 ppm IAA + 10,000 ppm IBA + 5,000 ppm NAA, all with 100% rooting. No control shoots produced roots.\n\nRooting can be further enhanced in a layering system by girdling or wounding the stem to cause accumulation of carbohydrates and auxins above the girdled area, as the downward movement of these compounds are blocked by the girdle (Taiz and Zeiger, 2002). Wounding holes plant growth regulators applied to the shoots has absorbed more",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "abstract"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p23.2",
            "order": 2,
            "type": "footer",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 317.76,
                "t": 48.24,
                "r": 330.48,
                "b": 37.2
            },
            "text": "11",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "number"
            }
        }
    ],
    "excluded_furniture": {
        "first": [],
        "last": []
    }
}