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            "text": "from 0 to 80,000 ppm. Cuttings treated with 40,000 or 80,000 ppm IBA exhibited necrosis of tissue, but all other treatments rooted at a low level, not exceeding 16% (at 10,000 ppm IBA). However, cuttings from a mature source (5 year old trees) largely failed to root, with only one cutting out of 5100 producing one root (at 20,000 ppm IBA). A later unpublished study (Geneve, per comm.) reinforced the role of juvenility in rooting of pawpaw stem cuttings. Stem cuttings taken from 2, 4, 5, and 7 month old pawpaw seedlings were treated with IBA ranging from 0 to 10,000 ppm. Only 6% of cuttings taken from 7 month old seedlings treated with 5000 ppm IBA rooted; no other treatments initiated roots. Cuttings from the 2 month old seedlings produced adventitious roots more readily, ranging from 39% of cuttings not treated with IBA rooting, to 74% of stems treated with 10,000 ppm IBA producing roots. Attempts to root etiolated stem cuttings have also been unsuccessful (Geneve, personal comm)."
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            "text": "Studies attempting pawpaw propagation by root cuttings showed that root diameter had a strong effect on shoot production (Finneseth, 1997). No shoots formed on root cuttings with a diameter less than 5 mm; however, 56% of root cuttings with a diameter of 5 mm or greater produced shoots. Unfortunately, currently available cultivars are not available on their own roots, so root cuttings are not a feasible propagation method for current varieties."
        },
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            "text": "Juvenility also has a strong effect on pawpaw bud and shoot development in tissue culture (Finneseth et al., 1997). No explants from mature sources showed bud elongation after 8 weeks in vitro, and the 4% of these explants that survived showed only minimal tissue proliferation after 7 months. In the same study, explants from juvenile pawpaw seedlings responded quickly in culture. Approximately 60% of these explants had expanded axillary buds after only 4 weeks, and by 8 weeks, 100% of these explants had expanded axillary buds, had formed adventitious buds and shoots, and were large enough to subculture. Attempts to root pawpaw microcuttings from 2 year old pawpaw cultures had limited success (Geneve et al., 2003). Limited air layering experiments with pawpaw both in the greenhouse and the field were also unsuccessful (KSU, unpublished data)."
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            "text": "Currently, grafting or budding onto a seedling rootstock is the only viable method of clonally propagating pawpaw. Budwood is obtained in March, once the trees' chilling"
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            "text": "9",
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