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            "text": "In-Text Citations",
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            "text": "What do they look like?",
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            "text": "When giving credit inside of the paper, APA commonly uses the authors' names with date of publication. APA also gives writers two options for citation: in the sentence (narrative), or after the sentence (parenthetical). ***Parentheticals include a comma. ***"
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                            "text": "Huxley et al. (2004) carbon-dated the fossilized musk ox bo…"
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                            "text": "After researchers carbon-dated the musk ox bone, it was fou…"
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                    "text": "Guideline\nOne author use the author's name and the date of publication\nTwo authors use an ampersand (&) in parentheticals",
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                    "text": "Narrative Example\nThompson (2024) proves that the white ash tree is critically endangered.\nFrench and Daniels (2018) recorded 428 different zebra stripe patterns out of 428 zebras.",
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                    "text": "Parenthetical Example\nThe white ash tree is critically endangered (Thompson, 2024).\nAccording to the study, no two zebras seem to have the same stripe pattern (French & Daniels, 2018).",
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                    "text": "Three or more authors use only the first author's name, follow it with \"et al.\"; there is no period after \"et\"",
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                    "text": "Huxley et al. (2004) carbon-dated the fossilized musk ox bone, finding that it is approximately 9000 years old.",
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                    "text": "After researchers carbon-dated the musk ox bone, it was found to be approximately 9000 years old (Huxley et al., 2004).",
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                    "text": "Organization as author the first time, use the full name and acronym; after the first, use only the acronym\nNo author listed use the title or shortened title; this may cause credibility issues",
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                    "text": "The American Dental Association (ADA, 2025) has found that private practice ownership has dropped 12.2% since 2023.\nThe “Purdue OWL” (2024) website provides a multitude of helpful APA and MLA tips.",
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                    "text": "Private practice ownership in the United States has dropped 12.2% since 2023 (American Dental Association [ADA], 2025).\nThere are plenty of websites that provide helpful APA and MLA tips (e.g., “Purdue OWL,” 2024).",
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                    "text": "Citing information found in a different source use “as cited in,” but try to find the original source\nDirect quotes add where you found it using page numbers or paragraphs",
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                    "text": "Parnell’s (as cited in Al-Hadid, 2022) findings illustrate the damaging effects of long-term exposure to plutonium in nuclear power plants.\nZhang (2019) explains that “oceanic oil spills damage most ecosystems for 2–10 years” (p. 13).",
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                    "text": "Long-term exposure to plutonium in nuclear power plants damages the health of workers severely (Parnell, as cited in Al-Hadid, 2022).\nThe study explains, “Elephants seals are highly aggressive creatures, especially during mating season” (AINA, 2013, para. 4).",
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            "text": "adapted from University of Louisville Writing Center \"APA 7th Edition Citation (PDF)\"",
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