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"text": "The Influence of Light on Annonaceous Acetogenin Activity\nIn Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) Stem and Leaf Tissue",
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"text": "Emerald Gates*, Kirk W. Pomper, Jeremiah D. Lowe, and Sheri B. Crabtree, Land Grant Program, Kentucky State University, Atwood Research Facility, Frankfort. KY 40601-2355\nKentucky UNBRIDLED SPIRIT",
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"text": "•The pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] tree grows wild in the hardwood forests of 26 states in the eastern United States, including Kentucky, and is usually found in shaded areas of the forest understory (Pomper and Layne, 2005).",
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"text": "•Pawpaw twigs and fruit contain Annonaceous acetogenins compounds which have antitumor and pesticidal properties; these compounds also have antioxidant activity (Pomper et al., 2007; McLaughlin, 2008).",
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"text": "•Annonaceous acetogenin compounds are potent inhibitors of mitochondrial (complex I) as well as cytoplasmic (anaerobic) production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the related nucleotides (McLaughlin, 2008).",
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"text": "•Higher extractable acetogenin levels would be desirable for future product development.",
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"text": "•In beech and oak higher antioxidant enzymatic activities and antioxidant concentrations are induced in leaves at higher light levels than shaded leaves (Hansen et al., 2002).",
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"text": "•Because pawpaw trees prefer the low-light conditions of the forest understory, our working hypothesis was that high light levels stress the pawpaw plant and induce high acetogenin activity in the stem and leaf tissue.",
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"text": "•Brine shrimp mortality is often used to assess the activity of pharmaceutical compounds and can be used to assess acetogenin activity (Ratnayake et al., 1993).",
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"text": "•To determine if there was a positive correlation between increasing light level and acetogenin activity in the stems and leaves of pawpaw seedlings.",
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"text": "•In May of 2008 pawpaw seeds were sown into one-gallon tree pots in ProMix and grown in a greenhouse, until moved outside under 0%, 35%, and 80% shade treatments on August 5, 2008 (Figure 1A).",
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"text": "•A randomized block design was used in the experiment with three replicate seedlings in each treatment in three replicate blocks (3 plants x 3 treatments x 3 blocks) for a total of 27 plants. Plant height (one cm from soil line), stem diameter and number of leaves were recorded at the start of the experiment and six weeks later at destructive harvest (Figure 1B). Stems and leaves were dried at [p1.18.2]C.",
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"text": "Following quantification a 2.5 mg/ml solution was made using 95% ethanol, and extract added to 2 dram vials to correspond to 0, 1, 5, 10, and 50 parts per million (ppm).",
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"text": "After 24 h, survivors were counted and standard deviation was measured from three replicate extracts (Ratnayake et al., 1993) (Figure 1C).",
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"text": "•LC50 (ppm) values were computed using probit regression analysis and log10 transformation for extract concentration using the statistical software SPSS (SPSS Inc, Chicago).",
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