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doc13101 2025-05-Factsheet-African_Eggplants.pdf
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"text": "Sephora Yao Affoue, Undergraduate Research Assistant\nGermaine N. Akeza, Graduate Research Assistant\nCora Teets, Research & Extension Associate\noneste Nzaramyimana, PhD, Assistant Professor for Urban Agriculture\nEditor: Marie Merci Uwimbabazi, Graduate Research Assistant"
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"text": "Eggplant (Solanum spp.), also known as Aubergine, is a member of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), which includes tomatoes, peppers, and potatoes."
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"text": "It is native to Asia and cultivated since prehistoric times, eggplant is among the top five vegetable crops consumed in Asia and the Mediterranean where China leads global production with 28.4 million tons (57% of global output) (Diouf et al., 2017)."
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"text": "Unlike the familiar elongated, purple varieties of common eggplant (Solanum melongena), the African eggplant, also known as Solanum aethiopicum, differs in:"
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"text": "➢ Color: Varies from orange, white, yellow to deep red."
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"text": "Grown mostly for local consumption in Africa and parts of Asia, African eggplant is rarely exported—making it hard to find in global markets (Horna et al, 2007)."
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"text": "One promising direction is exploring the crop’s adaptability to controlled environment agriculture (CEA) systems like greenhouse or high tunnels that mimic tropical conditions—particularly during the summer months in U.S regions like Kentucky."
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"text": "Chadha, M. L., & Mndiga, H. H. (2007). African eggplant - From underutilized to a commercially profitable venture. In Acta Horticulturae (Vol. 752, pp. 521–523). International Society for Horticultural Science. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.752.96",
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"text": "Choi, S. M., & Choi, C.-I. (2024). Nutritional composition, phytochemical profiles, and pharmacological effects of Ethiopian eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum L.). Nutrients, 16(23), 4228. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234228",
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"text": "Diouf, M., Gueye, M., & Samb, P. I. (2017). Participatory varietal selection and agronomic evaluation of African eggplant and roselle varieties in Mali. European Scientific Journal, 13(30), 327. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n30p327",
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"text": "George, E. T., Oyesola, O. A., Taiwo, E. O., & Owoye, I. I. (2022). Hepatoprotective activities of ethanol extracts of African eggplant and bitter leaf in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 30(2), 134–138. https://doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v30i2.18",
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"text": "Horna, D., Smale, M., & Von Oppen, M. (2007). Marketing underutilized crops: The case of the African garden egg (Solanum aethiopicum) in Ghana. Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized Species. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262672571",
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"text": "Taher, D., Solberg, S. Ø., Prohens, J., Chou, Y., Rakha, M., & Wu, T. (2017). World Vegetable Center eggplant collection: Origin, composition, seed dissemination and utilization in breeding. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, Article 1484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01484",
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"r": 578.16,
"b": 646.8
},
"text": "Helps regulate blood sugar—beneficial for diabetics."
}
]
},
{
"id": "p2.14",
"order": 24,
"type": "table",
"bbox": {
"l": 337.2,
"t": 640.32,
"r": 589.92,
"b": 519.36
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"text": "",
"attrs": {
"block_label": "table",
"n_rows": 9,
"n_cols": 3,
"integrity": {
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"cells_flagged": 23,
"flags": [
{
"row": 0,
"col": 0,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "Table 1."
},
{
"row": 1,
"col": 0,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "Proximate nutritional information of S. aethiopicum."
},
{
"row": 2,
"col": 0,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "Contents"
},
{
"row": 2,
"col": 1,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "Fruits [13]"
},
{
"row": 2,
"col": 2,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "Leaves [16]"
},
{
"row": 3,
"col": 0,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "Moisture"
},
{
"row": 3,
"col": 1,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "89.27 ± 0.12"
},
{
"row": 3,
"col": 2,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "84.43 ± 3.09"
},
{
"row": 4,
"col": 0,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "Crude protein"
},
{
"row": 4,
"col": 1,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "2.24 ± 0.03"
},
{
"row": 4,
"col": 2,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "6.92 ± 1.04"
},
{
"row": 5,
"col": 0,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "Fat"
}
]
}
},
"children": [
{
"id": "p2.14.1",
"order": 25,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 337.2,
"t": 640.32,
"r": 505.68,
"b": 626.88
},
"text": "Table 1.",
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"colspan": 2,
"column_header": true,
"header_source": "heuristic"
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.2",
"order": 26,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 519.659,
"t": 638.671,
"r": 575.161,
"b": 629.2280000000001
},
"text": "(Choi & Choi, 2024)",
"attrs": {
"row": 0,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1,
"bbox_refit": true,
"column_header": true,
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},
{
"id": "p2.14.3",
"order": 27,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 337.2,
"t": 626.88,
"r": 589.92,
"b": 613.44
},
"text": "Proximate nutritional information of S. aethiopicum.",
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"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 3
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},
{
"id": "p2.14.4",
"order": 28,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 337.2,
"t": 613.44,
"r": 421.44,
"b": 600
},
"text": "Contents",
"attrs": {
"row": 2,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.5",
"order": 29,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 421.44,
"t": 613.44,
"r": 505.68,
"b": 600
},
"text": "Fruits [13]",
"attrs": {
"row": 2,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.6",
"order": 30,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 505.68,
"t": 613.44,
"r": 589.92,
"b": 600
},
"text": "Leaves [16]",
"attrs": {
"row": 2,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.7",
"order": 31,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 337.2,
"t": 600,
"r": 421.44,
"b": 586.56
},
"text": "Moisture",
"attrs": {
"row": 3,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.8",
"order": 32,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 421.44,
"t": 600,
"r": 505.68,
"b": 586.56
},
"text": "89.27 ± 0.12",
"attrs": {
"row": 3,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.9",
"order": 33,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 505.68,
"t": 600,
"r": 589.92,
"b": 586.56
},
"text": "84.43 ± 3.09",
"attrs": {
"row": 3,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.10",
"order": 34,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 337.2,
"t": 586.56,
"r": 421.44,
"b": 573.12
},
"text": "Crude protein",
"attrs": {
"row": 4,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.11",
"order": 35,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 421.44,
"t": 586.56,
"r": 505.68,
"b": 573.12
},
"text": "2.24 ± 0.03",
"attrs": {
"row": 4,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.12",
"order": 36,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 505.68,
"t": 586.56,
"r": 589.92,
"b": 573.12
},
"text": "6.92 ± 1.04",
"attrs": {
"row": 4,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.13",
"order": 37,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 337.2,
"t": 573.12,
"r": 421.44,
"b": 559.68
},
"text": "Fat",
"attrs": {
"row": 5,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.14",
"order": 38,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 421.44,
"t": 573.12,
"r": 505.68,
"b": 559.68
},
"text": "0.52 ± 0.04",
"attrs": {
"row": 5,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.15",
"order": 39,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 505.68,
"t": 573.12,
"r": 589.92,
"b": 559.68
},
"text": "0.79 ± 0.16",
"attrs": {
"row": 5,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.16",
"order": 40,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 337.2,
"t": 559.68,
"r": 421.44,
"b": 546.24
},
"text": "Crude fiber",
"attrs": {
"row": 6,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.17",
"order": 41,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 421.44,
"t": 559.68,
"r": 505.68,
"b": 546.24
},
"text": "2.96 ± 0.08",
"attrs": {
"row": 6,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.18",
"order": 42,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 505.68,
"t": 559.68,
"r": 589.92,
"b": 546.24
},
"text": "1.82 ± 0.37",
"attrs": {
"row": 6,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.19",
"order": 43,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 337.2,
"t": 546.24,
"r": 421.44,
"b": 532.8
},
"text": "Ash",
"attrs": {
"row": 7,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.20",
"order": 44,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 421.44,
"t": 546.24,
"r": 505.68,
"b": 532.8
},
"text": "0.87 ± 0.03",
"attrs": {
"row": 7,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.21",
"order": 45,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 505.68,
"t": 546.24,
"r": 589.92,
"b": 532.8
},
"text": "1.79 ± 0.16",
"attrs": {
"row": 7,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.22",
"order": 46,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 337.2,
"t": 532.8,
"r": 421.44,
"b": 519.36
},
"text": "Carbohydrate",
"attrs": {
"row": 8,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.23",
"order": 47,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 421.44,
"t": 532.8,
"r": 505.68,
"b": 519.36
},
"text": "4.14 ± 0.11",
"attrs": {
"row": 8,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.14.24",
"order": 48,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 505.68,
"t": 532.8,
"r": 589.92,
"b": 519.36
},
"text": "4.26 ± 0.80",
"attrs": {
"row": 8,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
}
]
},
{
"id": "p2.15",
"order": 49,
"type": "text",
"bbox": {
"l": 334.8,
"t": 507.84,
"r": 539.76,
"b": 495.6
},
"text": "➢ Vitamin A: Good for vision and immunity"
},
{
"id": "p2.16",
"order": 50,
"type": "text",
"bbox": {
"l": 335.04,
"t": 495.12,
"r": 576,
"b": 482.4
},
"text": "Vitamin C: Boosts immune system and skin health."
},
{
"id": "p2.17",
"order": 51,
"type": "text",
"bbox": {
"l": 335.28,
"t": 481.92,
"r": 569.76,
"b": 469.44
},
"text": "Vitamin B1(Thiamine): Supports nerve function."
},
{
"id": "p2.18",
"order": 52,
"type": "text",
"bbox": {
"l": 335.52,
"t": 468.48,
"r": 552.96,
"b": 445.92
},
"text": "Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Essential for energy metabolism"
},
{
"id": "p2.19",
"order": 53,
"type": "text",
"bbox": {
"l": 335.28,
"t": 444.24,
"r": 598.56,
"b": 430.8
},
"text": "Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Helps in digestion and skin health."
},
{
"id": "p2.20",
"order": 54,
"type": "text",
"bbox": {
"l": 335.28,
"t": 418.8,
"r": 589.92,
"b": 366.24
},
"text": "African eggplant is rich in mineral from the fruit to the leave. Rich in (Calcium Ca, Magnesium Mg, Iron Fe, Potassium K, Sodium Na, Zinc Zn, and Phosphorus) (Taher et al, 2017:George et al, 2022)"
},
{
"id": "p2.21",
"order": 55,
"type": "table",
"bbox": {
"l": 339.6,
"t": 359.04,
"r": 586.08,
"b": 330.72
},
"text": "",
"attrs": {
"block_label": "table",
"n_rows": 2,
"n_cols": 2,
"integrity": {
"cells_checked": 3,
"cells_flagged": 2,
"flags": [
{
"row": 0,
"col": 0,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "Table 2."
},
{
"row": 1,
"col": 0,
"coverage": 0,
"text": "Mineral composition of S. aethiopicum [19]."
}
]
}
},
"children": [
{
"id": "p2.21.1",
"order": 56,
"type": "table_cell",
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"l": 339.6,
"t": 359.04,
"r": 462.84,
"b": 344.88
},
"text": "Table 2.",
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"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.21.2",
"order": 57,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 509.783,
"t": 357.374,
"r": 565.285,
"b": 347.931
},
"text": "(Choi & Choi, 2024)",
"attrs": {
"row": 0,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1,
"bbox_refit": true
}
},
{
"id": "p2.21.3",
"order": 58,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 339.6,
"t": 344.88,
"r": 586.08,
"b": 330.72
},
"text": "Mineral composition of S. aethiopicum [19].",
"attrs": {
"row": 1,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 2
}
}
]
},
{
"id": "p2.22",
"order": 59,
"type": "table",
"bbox": {
"l": 341.52,
"t": 324.24,
"r": 588.48,
"b": 235.2
},
"text": "",
"attrs": {
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"n_rows": 8,
"n_cols": 3,
"integrity": {
"skipped": "no_text_layer"
}
},
"children": [
{
"id": "p2.22.1",
"order": 60,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 341.52,
"t": 324.24,
"r": 423.84,
"b": 313.11
},
"text": "Contents",
"attrs": {
"row": 0,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1,
"column_header": true,
"header_source": "heuristic"
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.2",
"order": 61,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 423.84,
"t": 324.24,
"r": 506.16,
"b": 313.11
},
"text": "Fruits",
"attrs": {
"row": 0,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1,
"column_header": true,
"header_source": "heuristic"
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.3",
"order": 62,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 506.16,
"t": 324.24,
"r": 588.48,
"b": 313.11
},
"text": "Leaves",
"attrs": {
"row": 0,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1,
"column_header": true,
"header_source": "heuristic"
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.4",
"order": 63,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 341.52,
"t": 313.11,
"r": 423.84,
"b": 301.98
},
"text": "Calcium (Ca)",
"attrs": {
"row": 1,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.5",
"order": 64,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 423.84,
"t": 313.11,
"r": 506.16,
"b": 301.98
},
"text": "126 ± 7",
"attrs": {
"row": 1,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.6",
"order": 65,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 506.16,
"t": 313.11,
"r": 588.48,
"b": 301.98
},
"text": "1048 ± 56",
"attrs": {
"row": 1,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.7",
"order": 66,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 341.52,
"t": 301.98,
"r": 423.84,
"b": 290.85
},
"text": "Magnesium (Mg)",
"attrs": {
"row": 2,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.8",
"order": 67,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 423.84,
"t": 301.98,
"r": 506.16,
"b": 290.85
},
"text": "187 ± 14",
"attrs": {
"row": 2,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.9",
"order": 68,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 506.16,
"t": 301.98,
"r": 588.48,
"b": 290.85
},
"text": "666 ± 10",
"attrs": {
"row": 2,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.10",
"order": 69,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 341.52,
"t": 290.85,
"r": 423.84,
"b": 279.72
},
"text": "Iron (Fe)",
"attrs": {
"row": 3,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.11",
"order": 70,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 423.84,
"t": 290.85,
"r": 506.16,
"b": 279.72
},
"text": "21 ± 1",
"attrs": {
"row": 3,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.12",
"order": 71,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 506.16,
"t": 290.85,
"r": 588.48,
"b": 279.72
},
"text": "12 ± 2",
"attrs": {
"row": 3,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.13",
"order": 72,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 341.52,
"t": 279.72,
"r": 423.84,
"b": 268.59
},
"text": "Potassium (K)",
"attrs": {
"row": 4,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.14",
"order": 73,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 423.84,
"t": 279.72,
"r": 506.16,
"b": 268.59
},
"text": "3582 ± 20",
"attrs": {
"row": 4,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.15",
"order": 74,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 506.16,
"t": 279.72,
"r": 588.48,
"b": 268.59
},
"text": "3064 ± 81",
"attrs": {
"row": 4,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.16",
"order": 75,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 341.52,
"t": 268.59,
"r": 423.84,
"b": 257.46
},
"text": "Sodium (Na)",
"attrs": {
"row": 5,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.17",
"order": 76,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 423.84,
"t": 268.59,
"r": 506.16,
"b": 257.46
},
"text": "87 ± 10",
"attrs": {
"row": 5,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.18",
"order": 77,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 506.16,
"t": 268.59,
"r": 588.48,
"b": 257.46
},
"text": "77 ± 16",
"attrs": {
"row": 5,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.19",
"order": 78,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 341.52,
"t": 257.46,
"r": 423.84,
"b": 246.33
},
"text": "Zinc (Zn)",
"attrs": {
"row": 6,
"col": 0,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.20",
"order": 79,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 423.84,
"t": 257.46,
"r": 506.16,
"b": 246.33
},
"text": "2 ± 1",
"attrs": {
"row": 6,
"col": 1,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.21",
"order": 80,
"type": "table_cell",
"bbox": {
"l": 506.16,
"t": 257.46,
"r": 588.48,
"b": 246.33
},
"text": "20 ± 3",
"attrs": {
"row": 6,
"col": 2,
"rowspan": 1,
"colspan": 1
}
},
{
"id": "p2.22.22",
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