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            "text": "associated with cucurbit yellow vine decline, while feeding. Early symptoms include yellowing between leaf veins and discoloration of the vascular tissue. Affected vines may develop a light-brown discoloration above the soil line, remaining firm rather than soft or mushy. Cucurbit yellow vine decline typically appears in mid- to late summer as squash bug populations increase (Jibrin et al. 2025)."
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            "text": "Management",
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            "text": "Squash bugs are notoriously difficult to control. Using multiple management strategies is most effective."
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            "text": "Cultural Control",
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            "text": "Employing different cultural control techniques can help reduce population levels. For example:"
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                    "text": "Host preference: Choose less attractive Cucurbita pepo and C. maxima varieties when available, as squash bug preference can vary among varieties and local populations (Novero et al. 1962; Doughty et al. 2016).",
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                    "text": "Crop rotation: Avoid planting cucurbits in the same location each year."
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                {
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                    "text": "Sanitation: Remove crop residue and volunteer cucurbits after harvest to eliminate overwintering sites.",
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                {
                    "id": "p2.7.4",
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                    "text": "Row covers: Protect young plants from initial infestation.",
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                    "order": 12,
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                    "bbox": {
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                    "text": "Adjust planting date: Early planting can allow crops to mature before pest pressure peaks.",
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                },
                {
                    "id": "p2.7.6",
                    "order": 13,
                    "type": "list_item",
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                    "text": "Trap boards: Place wooden boards in the field during the fall and destroy the adults that shelter underneath.",
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            ]
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        {
            "id": "p2.8",
            "order": 14,
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            "text": "Biological Control",
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            "text": "Natural enemies can help reduce squash bug populations. For example:"
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        {
            "id": "p2.10",
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            "text": "Predators: Spiders, big-eyed bugs, and ground beetles feed on squash bug eggs and nymphs.",
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            "text": "• Parasitoids:",
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            "text": "Tachinid flies, such as Trichopoda pennipes Fab., lay eggs on nymphs or adults. The fly larvae develop inside the squash bug, eventually emerging to pupate in the soil (Worthley 1924)."
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        {
            "id": "p2.13",
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            "text": "At least five species of egg parasitoids are known to attack squash bug eggs (Nechols et al. 1989; Doughty et al. 2016)."
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            "text": "Chemical Control",
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        {
            "id": "p2.15",
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            "text": "When squash bug populations reach about one bug per plant, insecticide treatment may be needed. Insecticides are most effective against young nymphs."
        },
        {
            "id": "p2.16",
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            "text": "In organic systems, OMRI-listed insecticidal soaps and azadirachtin-based products may provide suppression when applied early. Conventional systems have several pyrethroid and neonicotinoid options. Because insecticides can also harm beneficial insects, use them only when needed and according to label directions."
        },
        {
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            "text": "For current insecticide recommendations, refer to the University of Kentucky Production Guide for Commercial Growers. Found at: https://publications.mgcafe.ukv.edu/files/ID36.pdf",
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                    "text": "https://publications.mgcafe.uky.edu/files/ID36.pdf",
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                        "uri": "https://publications.mgcafe.uky.edu/files/ID36.pdf",
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            "text": "Acknowledgements",
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        },
        {
            "id": "p2.19",
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            "bbox": {
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            "text": "The authors would like to acknowledge the editorial assistance of Jody Thompson, Dr. Erin Hitchner, and Dr. Michael Strysick."
        },
        {
            "id": "p2.20",
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            "text": "References",
            "attrs": {
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            },
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        },
        {
            "id": "p2.21",
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            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 312.48,
                "t": 374.4,
                "r": 564,
                "b": 342.24
            },
            "text": "Bonjour, E. L., and W. S. Fargo. 1989. Host effects on the survival and development of Anasa tristis (Heteroptera: Coreidae). Environ. Entomol. 18: 1083–1085."
        },
        {
            "id": "p2.22",
            "order": 29,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 312.48,
                "t": 332.88,
                "r": 571.44,
                "b": 300.96
            },
            "text": "Bonjour, E. L., W. S. Fargo, and P. E. Rensner. 1990. Ovipositional preference of squash bugs (Heteroptera: Coreidae) among cucurbits in Oklahoma. J. Econ. Entomol. 83: 943–947."
        },
        {
            "id": "p2.23",
            "order": 30,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 314.4,
                "t": 291.36,
                "r": 573.36,
                "b": 259.2
            },
            "text": "Doughty, H. B., J. M. Wilson, P. B. Schultz, and T. P. Kuhar. 2016. Squash bug (Hemiptera: Coreidae): biology and management in cucurbitaceous crops. J. Integr. Pest Manag. 7: 1–8."
        },
        {
            "id": "p2.24",
            "order": 31,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 314.64,
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            },
            "text": "Jibrin, M. O., K. Seuhs, T. Mason, and S. Kathi. 2025. Reemergent cucurbit disease in Oklahoma. Oklahoma State University Extension e-Pest Alert (Id: EPP-25-37)."
        },
        {
            "id": "p2.25",
            "order": 32,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 314.4,
                "t": 208.8,
                "r": 568.08,
                "b": 166.32
            },
            "text": "Nechols, J. R., J. L. Tracy, and E. A. Vogt. 1989. Comparative ecological studies of indigenous egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae, Encyrtidae) of the squash bug, Anasa tristis (Hemiptera: Coreidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 62: 177–188."
        },
        {
            "id": "p2.26",
            "order": 33,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 314.64,
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                "r": 570.24,
                "b": 124.8
            },
            "text": "Novero, E. S., R. H. Painter, and C. V. Hall. 1962. Interrelations of the squash bug, Anasa tristis, and six varieties of squash (Cucurbita spp.). J. Econ. Entomol. 55: 912–919."
        },
        {
            "id": "p2.27",
            "order": 34,
            "type": "text",
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                "l": 314.64,
                "t": 115.68,
                "r": 575.28,
                "b": 84.24
            },
            "text": "Worthley, H. N. 1924. The biology of Trichopoda pennipes Fab. (Diptera, Tachinidae), a parasite of the common squash bug. Psyche 31:7–16.",
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            }
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            "text": "Fig. 5. Squash bug feeding damage (Gerald Holmes, Strawberry Center, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Bugwood.org)",
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            "text": "Kentucky State University is an equal opportunity provider.",
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