{
    "document_id": 12964,
    "page": 1,
    "width_pt": 612,
    "height_pt": 792,
    "rotation": 0,
    "pipeline_version": "paddleocr-vl-1.6+paul-48",
    "engine": "paddleocr_vl",
    "source_run_id": 13073,
    "item_count": 38,
    "counts_by_type": {
        "caption": 1,
        "figure": 6,
        "footer": 2,
        "footnote": 3,
        "heading": 7,
        "link": 3,
        "text": 15,
        "title": 1
    },
    "build_ms": 5,
    "items": [
        {
            "id": "p1.1",
            "order": 1,
            "type": "figure",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 52.32,
                "t": 753.84,
                "r": 536.88,
                "b": 662.88
            },
            "text": "",
            "attrs": {
                "role": "page_header",
                "block_label": "header_image",
                "embedded_text": "INFO SHEET\nCOOPERATIVE\nEXTENSION"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.2",
            "order": 2,
            "type": "title",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 135.12,
                "t": 645.6,
                "r": 475.68,
                "b": 632.64
            },
            "text": "Kentucky State University Cooperative Extension Connections",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "doc_title"
            },
            "level": 2
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.3",
            "order": 3,
            "type": "figure",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 55.68,
                "t": 624.24,
                "r": 183.12,
                "b": 566.16
            },
            "text": "",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "image"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.4",
            "order": 4,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 225.12,
                "t": 603.84,
                "r": 597.12,
                "b": 590.4
            },
            "text": "Dr. Katherine Kamminga, Assistant Professor of Integrated Pest Management"
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.5",
            "order": 5,
            "type": "heading",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 244.32,
                "t": 549.36,
                "r": 367.44,
                "b": 530.88
            },
            "text": "The Wheel Bug",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "paragraph_title"
            },
            "level": 3
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.6",
            "order": 6,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 24.24,
                "t": 528,
                "r": 294.48,
                "b": 452.4
            },
            "text": "Wheel bugs are large predatory insects in the family Reduviidae, commonly known as assassin bugs. They are beneficial predators that feed on a wide range of arthropods using piercing-sucking mouthparts to extract body fluids. Among the largest assassin bugs in North America, these insects often surprise first-time observers with their size and unusual shape. They are easily recognized by the toothed, cog-like “wheel” on the thorax (Fig. 1)."
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.7",
            "order": 7,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 24,
                "t": 451.68,
                "r": 122.16,
                "b": 387.6
            },
            "text": "unusual shape. They are easily recognized by the toothed, cog-like “wheel” on the thorax (Fig. 1)."
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.8",
            "order": 8,
            "type": "figure",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 144,
                "t": 449.28,
                "r": 263.28,
                "b": 385.68
            },
            "text": "",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "image"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.9",
            "order": 9,
            "type": "caption",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 147.12,
                "t": 382.8,
                "r": 270,
                "b": 373.92
            },
            "text": "Fig. 1. Wheel bug adult (A. Yuknis, KSU)",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "figure_title"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.10",
            "order": 10,
            "type": "heading",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 24.48,
                "t": 376.56,
                "r": 77.28,
                "b": 350.88
            },
            "text": "Life Cycle\nEggs",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "paragraph_title"
            },
            "level": 3
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.11",
            "order": 11,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 37.2,
                "t": 350.64,
                "r": 289.92,
                "b": 299.04
            },
            "text": "Wheel bugs have one generation a year and overwinter in the egg stage. The eggs are cylindrical, barrel-shaped, and brown. They are laid in tight clusters, typically ranging from 20 to 200 eggs (Figs. 2 & 3)."
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.12",
            "order": 12,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 309.12,
                "t": 527.52,
                "r": 561.36,
                "b": 489.36
            },
            "text": "and black (Fig. 4), while later instars become more brownish-black as they mature. Like adults, nymphs are predatory and feed on soft-bodied insects."
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.13",
            "order": 13,
            "type": "figure",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 323.76,
                "t": 482.16,
                "r": 433.68,
                "b": 409.2
            },
            "text": "",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "image"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.14",
            "order": 14,
            "type": "heading",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 297.36,
                "t": 402.24,
                "r": 332.88,
                "b": 391.2
            },
            "text": "Adults",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "paragraph_title"
            },
            "level": 3
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.15",
            "order": 15,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 302.4,
                "t": 390.24,
                "r": 576.24,
                "b": 300.72
            },
            "text": "Adult wheel bugs (Fig. 1) are about 1-1.5 inches long. They are gray to brown and somewhat flattened, with long legs and a thick beak. The raised, toothed “wheel” on the thorax is unique to this species and makes them easy to identify. Adults are slow-moving predators that rely on ambush rather than pursuit. They are often seen during the summer and fall on trees and shrubs."
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.16",
            "order": 16,
            "type": "figure",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 52.56,
                "t": 293.28,
                "r": 178.32,
                "b": 209.28
            },
            "text": "",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "image"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.17",
            "order": 17,
            "type": "heading",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 41.52,
                "t": 194.88,
                "r": 84.48,
                "b": 183.12
            },
            "text": "Nymphs",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "paragraph_title"
            },
            "level": 3
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.18",
            "order": 18,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 40.32,
                "t": 182.88,
                "r": 274.8,
                "b": 170.16
            },
            "text": "Nymphs hatch in late spring to early summer (May-"
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.19",
            "order": 19,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 180.96,
                "t": 168.96,
                "r": 293.28,
                "b": 69.6
            },
            "text": "June; Fig. 3). Wheel bugs develop through five nymphal stages before becoming adults. With each molt, they increase in size, and wing pads appear during the final two instars."
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.20",
            "order": 20,
            "type": "figure",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 52.08,
                "t": 167.04,
                "r": 175.68,
                "b": 84.48
            },
            "text": "",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "image"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.21",
            "order": 21,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 183.84,
                "t": 68.4,
                "r": 289.2,
                "b": 56.16
            },
            "text": "Young nymphs are red\nand black (Fig. 4), while later instars become more\nbrownish-black as they mature. Like adults, nymphs are\npredatory and feed on soft-bodied insects."
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.22",
            "order": 22,
            "type": "heading",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 297.36,
                "t": 288.24,
                "r": 345.12,
                "b": 276.96
            },
            "text": "Behavior",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "paragraph_title"
            },
            "level": 3
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.23",
            "order": 23,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 305.28,
                "t": 276.48,
                "r": 567.6,
                "b": 226.08
            },
            "text": "Wheel bugs are generalist predators and are considered to be beneficial insects. Although they are not aggressive toward people, they will bite if handled, and their bite is notoriously painful."
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.24",
            "order": 24,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 309.36,
                "t": 225.6,
                "r": 570.72,
                "b": 174.24
            },
            "text": "If you see a wheel bug outdoors, it’s best to leave it alone. If one needs to be moved, gently nudge it away using a long object. They usually won’t bite unless they’re picked up or squeezed."
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.25",
            "order": 25,
            "type": "heading",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 297.6,
                "t": 166.08,
                "r": 387.36,
                "b": 154.32
            },
            "text": "Acknowledgement",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "paragraph_title"
            },
            "level": 3
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.26",
            "order": 26,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 304.8,
                "t": 146.4,
                "r": 552.48,
                "b": 123.36
            },
            "text": "I acknowledge the USDA Evans Allen Project #7003772 for support of this research."
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.27",
            "order": 27,
            "type": "heading",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 297.84,
                "t": 121.44,
                "r": 337.92,
                "b": 112.08
            },
            "text": "Sources",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "paragraph_title"
            },
            "level": 3
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.28",
            "order": 28,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 310.32,
                "t": 111.84,
                "r": 507.6,
                "b": 89.52
            },
            "text": "Day, E., & Dellinger, T. A. (2021, September 29). Wheel Bug (Arilus cristatus). Virginia Cooperative Extension, Virginia Tech. Retrieved from: https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/3104/3104-1585/3104-1585.html.",
            "children": [
                {
                    "id": "p1.28.1",
                    "order": 29,
                    "type": "link",
                    "bbox": {
                        "l": 310.3,
                        "t": 97.434,
                        "r": 463.96,
                        "b": 90.534
                    },
                    "text": "https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/3104/3104-1585/3104-1585.html.",
                    "attrs": {
                        "uri": "https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/3104/3104-1585/3104-1585.html",
                        "action_type": "/URI"
                    }
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.29",
            "order": 30,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 310.08,
                "t": 84.48,
                "r": 554.16,
                "b": 68.88
            },
            "text": "Stone, B. (2022, May 6). Watch Out for Wheel Bugs. Lee County Cooperative Extension, NC State Extension. Retrieved from: https://lee.ces.ncsu.edu/2022/05/watch-out-for-wheel-bugs/.",
            "children": [
                {
                    "id": "p1.29.1",
                    "order": 31,
                    "type": "link",
                    "bbox": {
                        "l": 376.95,
                        "t": 76.736,
                        "r": 524.25,
                        "b": 69.836
                    },
                    "text": "https://lee.ces.ncsu.edu/2022/05/watch-out-for-wheel-bugs/.",
                    "attrs": {
                        "uri": "https://lee.ces.ncsu.edu/2022/05/watch-out-for-wheel-bugs/",
                        "action_type": "/URI"
                    }
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.30",
            "order": 32,
            "type": "text",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 309.6,
                "t": 63.6,
                "r": 516.24,
                "b": 47.76
            },
            "text": "University of Kentucky Entomology. Wheel Bug (Arilus cristatus). Retrieved from: https://entomology.mgcafe.ukv.edu/ef705.",
            "children": [
                {
                    "id": "p1.30.1",
                    "order": 33,
                    "type": "link",
                    "bbox": {
                        "l": 310.3,
                        "t": 56.037,
                        "r": 415.28,
                        "b": 49.138
                    },
                    "text": "https://entomology.mgcafe.uky.edu/ef705.",
                    "attrs": {
                        "uri": "https://entomology.mgcafe.uky.edu/ef705",
                        "action_type": "/URI"
                    }
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.31",
            "order": 34,
            "type": "footnote",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 439.2,
                "t": 452.88,
                "r": 538.56,
                "b": 435.12
            },
            "text": "Fig. 4. Wheel bug nymph (S. Ellis, Bugwood.org)",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "vision_footnote"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.32",
            "order": 35,
            "type": "footnote",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 183.36,
                "t": 250.56,
                "r": 272.64,
                "b": 232.8
            },
            "text": "Fig. 2. Wheel bug egg mass (J. Berger, Bugwood.org)",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "vision_footnote"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.33",
            "order": 36,
            "type": "footnote",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 58.56,
                "t": 82.56,
                "r": 174.96,
                "b": 66
            },
            "text": "Fig 3. Wheel bug egg mass and nymphs (J.N. Dell, Bugwood.org)",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "vision_footnote"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.34",
            "order": 37,
            "type": "footer",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 34.56,
                "t": 33.84,
                "r": 260.4,
                "b": 23.28
            },
            "text": "Kentucky State University is an equal opportunity provider.",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "footer"
            }
        },
        {
            "id": "p1.35",
            "order": 38,
            "type": "footer",
            "bbox": {
                "l": 380.16,
                "t": 31.92,
                "r": 502.8,
                "b": 21.84
            },
            "text": "KYSU-CEP-INFO-ANR-2026-003",
            "attrs": {
                "block_label": "footer"
            }
        }
    ],
    "excluded_furniture": {
        "first": [],
        "last": []
    }
}