{
"document_id": 12962,
"page": 41,
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"height_pt": 792,
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{
"id": "p41.1",
"order": 1,
"type": "header",
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"text": "33",
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{
"id": "p41.2",
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"type": "text",
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"text": "Microbial pesticides come from naturally occurring or genetically altered bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses or protozoans. These compounds can take different modes of action, including release of toxic compounds, disruption of cellular function, and physical effect. Beauvaria bassiana, for example, is a fungus that gets under the chitin (shell) of hard-bodied insects, resulting in dehydration and death."
},
{
"id": "p41.3",
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"type": "text",
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"text": "Chemical pest controls used for aquaponic farms include neem oil and extracts, soaps, pyrethrum-based products, and anything that is OMRI approved. These chemicals should be used in moderation and label instructions should be followed to avoid any plant or fish damage. Before any chemical is applied to the aquaponic system, the impact on the fish and biofilter must be considered. Limiting contact between the chemical and water is critical and may be more difficult in deep-water culture and media-based systems. The following is an example on how to calculate if a pesticide is safe to apply to the aquaponic system (Storey 2016)."
},
{
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"text": "Note: Refer to the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) and find the LC[p41.4.1] value or the lethal concentration of a pesticide at which 50% of the tested population dies. Rainbow trout or tilapia are often reported. The lowest concentration over the shortest time should be used.",
"children": [
{
"id": "p41.4.1",
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"text": "₅₀",
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{
"id": "p41.5",
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"text": "Example 1: Pyrethrum - the active ingredient in Pyganic 1.4",
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{
"id": "p41.6",
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"type": "text",
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"text": "Step 1: Determine the LC₅₀ value from the chemical's SDS sheet – 0.0014 mg/L"
},
{
"id": "p41.7",
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"type": "text",
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"text": "Step 2: Determine the LC₅₀ value for your system. Take the volume of your system in liters and multiply it by the LC₅₀ (96 hr) value. Let's use a 2,000-gallon (7,580 L) system as an example."
},
{
"id": "p41.8",
"order": 9,
"type": "formula",
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"text": "7,580 L/sys.X 0.0014mg/L = 10.61mg/system",
"attrs": {
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"latex": "7,580\\mathrm{~L/s y s.}X\\;0.0014\\mathrm{m g/L}=10.61\\mathrm{m g/s y s t e m}",
"alt": "7, 580 L over sys. X ;0.0014 mg over L equals 10.61 mg over system",
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}
},
{
"id": "p41.9",
"order": 10,
"type": "text",
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"text": "Step 3: Take the pyrethrin concentration and determine how much pyrethrin is being mixed."
},
{
"id": "p41.10",
"order": 11,
"type": "text",
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"text": "The label recommends mixing 1–2 fluid ounces of Pyganic 1.4 with every gallon of water in compressed sprayers, which is between 2–4 Tbsp/gallon. In a 2,000 gallon system, the entire crop can be sprayed with 0.75 gallons of mix, which at the highest application rate is around 3 Tbsp (or 1.5 fluid ounces)."
},
{
"id": "p41.11",
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"type": "text",
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"text": "The label tells us that 0.05 lbs of active ingredient (pyrethrin) is the equivalent of 59 fluid ounces."
},
{
"id": "p41.12",
"order": 13,
"type": "formula",
"bbox": {
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"text": "0.05 lbs pyrethrin/59 fluid ounces = 0.0008475 lbs pyrethrin/fluid ounce",
"attrs": {
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"latex": "0.05{\\mathrm{~l b s~p y r e t h r i n}}/59{\\mathrm{~f l u i d~o u n c e s}}=0.0008475{\\mathrm{~l b s~p y r e t h r i n}}/{\\mathrm{f l u i d~o u n c e}}",
"alt": "0.05 lbs pyrethrin over 59 fluid ounces equals 0.0008475 lbs pyrethrin over fluid ounce",
"mathml": ""
}
},
{
"id": "p41.13",
"order": 14,
"type": "text",
"bbox": {
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"text": "0.0008475 lbs pyrethrin/fluid ounce X 453.592 mg/lb = 384 mg pyrethrin/fluid ounce"
},
{
"id": "p41.14",
"order": 15,
"type": "text",
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"text": "Step 4: Determine how much pyrethrin is being applied to the system."
},
{
"id": "p41.15",
"order": 16,
"type": "text",
"bbox": {
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"text": "1.5 fluid ounces/system X 384 mg pyrethrin/fluid ounce = 576 mg pyrethrin/system"
},
{
"id": "p41.16",
"order": 17,
"type": "text",
"bbox": {
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"text": "Step 5: Compare application concentration to LC[p41.16.1] of your system.",
"children": [
{
"id": "p41.16.1",
"order": 18,
"type": "text",
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"text": "₅₀",
"attrs": {
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},
{
"id": "p41.17",
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"type": "text",
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"text": "576 mg pyrethrin/system is much larger than the LC[p41.17.1] value for a 2,000-gallon system (10.61 mg/system from step 2). This means that this product is NOT a good choice for application.",
"children": [
{
"id": "p41.17.1",
"order": 20,
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"text": "₅₀",
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